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Social Aspects of Flooding
Published in Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh Eslamian, Flood Handbook, 2022
Mir Bintul Huda, Nasir Ahmad Rather, Saeid Eslamian
Diarrhea is caused by both viral and bacterial pathogens. In developing countries, it is the main cause of mortality as well as morbidity in children. It varies with seasonal variations; with the rains and floods, it shows a peak. The mortality rates due to diarrhea have decreased due to improvements in treatment. One of the common causes of diarrhea is the contamination of water by a pathogenic agent, and the subsequent consumption by humans. Many studies conducted on floods in developing countries (Siddique et al., 1991; Kunii et al., 2002; Mondal et al., 2001; Kondo et al., 2002; Woodruff et al., 1990) used routine surveillance data and hospital records to quantify the impact of the 1988 floods. Diarrhea was found to be the most common problem (35%) among the 46,740 patients treated. Diarrhea was the major cause of illness in children and accounted for 27% of all-cause mortality among the 154 flood-related deaths of all ages. However, data was limited to flood-affected persons seeking treatment, and it was therefore not clear if the higher proportion of diarrhea was due to the flood or due to the usual seasonal increase (Siddique et al., 1991).
Wastewater Protozoa Sampling, Testing, and Analysis
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Fundamentals of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology, 2021
Currently, no safe and effective cure for Cryptosporidiosis exists. People with normal immune systems improve without taking antibiotic or antiparasitic medications. The treatment recommend for this diarrheal illness is to drink plenty of fluids and to get extra rest. Physicians may prescribe medication to slow the diarrhea during recovery.
Water Microbiology
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, 2020
Currently, no safe and effective cure for cryptosporidiosis exists. People with normal immune systems improve without taking antibiotic or antiparasitic medications. The treatment recommend for this diarrheal illness is to drink plenty of fluids and to get extra rest. Physicians may prescribe medication to slow the diarrhea during recovery.
Food Insecurity Is Associated with Diarrhea, Respiratory Illness, and Stunting but Not Underweight or Obesity in Low-Resource New Delhi Households
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2023
Rishika Chakraborty, M. Margaret Weigel, Khalid M Khan
The child health outcomes measured in this study were the prevalence of mother -reported diarrhea and RI symptoms experienced during the past 12 months. Outcome data were collected using a questionnaire survey administered to the mother. Gastrointestinal illness symptoms were scored as positive or negative response to the question, “Did your child get any diarrheal disease in the past 12 months?” Diarrhea was defined as passage of 3 or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequently than normal for the child.51 Respiratory illness symptoms were scored as positive or negative in response to the question, “Did your child get any respiratory illnesses in the past 12 months?” Diarrhea and RI symptoms were coded as 1 if mother reported “yes” and 0 if reported “no.”
Socioeconomic factors and bacillary dysentery risk in Jiangsu Province, China: a spatial investigation using Bayesian hierarchical models
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Sabrina Li, Alexandra M. Schmidt, Susan J. Elliott
Bacillary dysentery (BD) is an enteric infectious disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella, which is responsible for about 165 million cases and more than 1 million deaths every year, mostly in the developing world (World Health Organization 2014). BD is the third most commonly reported infectious disease (Xiao et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2019) in China and causes a considerable disease burden among children and the elderly (Wang et al. 2006). Transmission of Shigella occurs via the fecal-oral route, including orally through contact with contaminated food and water or through sexual contact. Symptoms can range from abdominal pain, painful bowel movements, to watery diarrhea with blood. Currently, finding an effective treatment for BD is a significant challenge as over 90% of Shigella isolates in China are resistant to several first-line antibiotics (Wang et al. 2006; Qu et al. 2014). Thus, understanding the spatial distribution of BD cases and potential risk factors can enhance disease prevention and control efforts.