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Water
Published in P.K. Tewari, Advanced Water Technologies, 2020
Can we think of a human life without water? Many of us will say no, it’s not possible, while a few of us will say yes, but only for a few hours. Both are right. Human beings cannot live long without water. Dehydration (lack of water) kills us faster than starvation (lack of food). A person suffering from dehydration with just a small water loss may display symptoms including irritability, fatigue, nervousness, dizziness, weakness and headaches. The food we eat requires water for cultivation and processing. We use water for entertainment and for sports such as swimming, sailing and rowing. When water becomes ice, we ski or ice skate. Water is required for cooking, washing, bathing, cleaning and recreational activities. Historically, civilizations blossomed around rivers. Equally, those same civilizations were wiped out as sources of fresh water dried up.
Thermal Stressors
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 2020
Dehydration occurs when the amount of water leaving the body is greater than the amount being taken in. There are no early symptoms of dehydration. However, signs and symptoms in later stages include fatigue, weakness, dry mouth, and the loss of work capacity and increased response time. A rule of thumb when referring to dehydration is that if you are thirsty, then dehydration has already occurred. Major contributing factors to dehydration include excess fluid loss (through sweating or other means), alcohol consumption, and some medications. In order to prevent dehydration, employees are encouraged to drink water frequently and to use normal salt in their diets. Once dehydration has occurred, fluid and salt replacement are required.
Research and evidence
Published in Stephen Battersby, Véronique Ezratty, David Ormandy, Housing, Health and Well-Being, 2019
Stephen Battersby, Véronique Ezratty, David Ormandy
Water is essential to sustain life. At normal temperature, with little or no exercise, an adult in temperate regions needs around 2.5 litres of fluid each day, but this will rise substantially in hot conditions. Mild dehydration is associated with fatigue, headaches, dry skin, constipation, bladder infections, and poor concentration.
Dehydration and Rapid Weight Gain Between Weigh-in and Competition in Judo Athletes: The Differences between Women and Men
Published in Research in Sports Medicine, 2023
Bayram Ceylan, Sukru Serdar Balci
Rapid weight loss can result in excessive dehydration. Dehydration or extreme water loss can have adverse effects on performance and health (Gurses et al., 2018; Jetton et al., 2013). Dehydration is associated with decreased serum sodium levels and stroke volume, an increase in the core body temperature and, cardiac output, plasma fluid losses and haemoconcentration (Meyer et al., 2016). Besides, dehydration leads to adverse effects on cardiovascular functioning, i.e. an inability to maintain cardiac output and blood pressure (José et al., 1997). Even 1% body weight loss via dehydration resulted in altered running performance in endurance athletes (Armstrong et al., 1985). Evidence-based studies claimed that dehydration of 3–4% of body mass leads to impairment in muscle strength, muscle power and endurance in high-intensity efforts lasting from 30 sec to 2 min (Judelson et al., 2007). Given that judo athletes start weight loss at a very early age (Berkovich et al., 2016; Kons et al., 2017) and reduce almost 5–7% of their body mass before competitions (Kons et al., 2017), it is inevitable that they are in risk of impaired health status and performance.
The impact of building form on overheating control: a case study of Larch House
Published in Architectural Science Review, 2020
Yahya Lavafpour, Steve Sharples, Bill Gething
Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment. It can be assessed by subjective evaluation (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 552017). The UK Building Regulations in the mid-1960s sought to reduce heat loss due to the country’s cold and temperate weather. The building regulations since then have improved and largely focused on heat-retentive design and refurbishment. The Housing Health and Safety Rating System from the Housing Act (2006) states,a healthy indoor temperature is around 21°C. As temperatures rise, thermal stress increases, initially triggering the body’s defence mechanisms such as sweating. High temperatures can increase cardiovascular strain and trauma, and where temperatures exceed 25°C, mortality increases and there is an increase in strokes. Dehydration is a problem primarily for the elderly and the very young.Despite the awareness of the risk from high internal temperatures, there are still no universally agreed overheating criteria in the building regulations. This is perhaps because, in the UK, the retention of heating has been the main focus of thermal design and so overheating has not historically been a concern (Lomas and Porritt 2017).
Cross-shift change of acute kidney injury biomarkers in sugarcane farmers and cutters
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Ritthirong Pundee, Pornpimol Kongtip, Noppanun Nankongnab, Sirirat Anutrakulchai, Mark Gregory Robson, Susan Woskie
Most sugarcane farmers drank less than the recommended water intake per day, which could lead to dehydration. Dehydration through excessive loss of body water is well known to be associated with acute renal dysfunction (Roncal-Jimenez et al. 2015; National Kidney Foundation 2019). Sugarcane cutters had a significantly higher workload than those in sugarcane farmers. Hansson et al. (2020) reported that workers with higher workload had reduced eGFR and kidney injury incident higher than those with lower workload. Wesseling et al. (2020) revealed that cross-shift and cross-harvest changes in kidney function and hydration biomarkers were all declined related to heat and workload. The WBGT measurements in the general sugarcane farm areas in this study were not significant different from those in the cutter fields; although the heat stress index was higher in cutter fields because the relative humidity was higher in the sugarcane field. Thus differences in environmental conditions alone can not account for the differences in biomarker results. When we compared the WBGTTWA with ACGIH guidelines, we found that the sugarcane cutters (heavy workload) exceed the TLV. However, the sugarcane farmers (light workload) were compliance with the TLV. The sugarcane farmers had higher abnormal BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat, and urine specific gravity than those sugarcane cutters. Obesity measured by waist circumference has been associated with higher end stage renal disease risk (Kramer et al. 2016). High urine specific gravity can lead to dehydration and induce acute kidney injury. Some studies have shown that having a higher BMI is associated with higher urinary specific gravity (Ha et al. 2018).