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Hot and Cold Environments: Temperature Extremes
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
The classic symptoms of heat stroke include: elevated body temperature, above 41°C; unconsciousness or convulsions; and a cessation of sweating (a hot dry skin). Although cessation of sweating is a classic symptom of heat stroke, it may be present in exertional heat stroke. Often, the heat stroke victim will display altered mental status, ranging from irrational behavior, to poor judgment and confusion. Nausea and vomiting may be present.
Systemic toxicology
Published in Chris Winder, Neill Stacey, Occupational Toxicology, 2004
W.M. Haschek, N.H. Stacey, C. Winder
Classification based on pathophysiological responses (see Table 3.3) is useful in the detection of injury, as discussed below. Diarrhoea is the most common presenting sign associated with toxicity and can result from increased mucosal permeability and exudation, hypersecretion, malabsorption, or abnormal motility of the gastrointestinal tract (Bertram 1991). The consequences include dehydration from loss of water, acidosis from loss of bicarbonate, and electrolyte imbalance. Vomiting can result from direct gastric irritation, an effect on the central nervous system, or liver damage. Constipation can result from functional abnormalities, including neurological effects, or a result of structural changes, such as the presence of a tumour. Changes in motility due to chemicals can result in spasms, diarrhoea or constipation. These can be due to neurological effects, either regional or central, as well as direct toxicity.
Pulmonary Changes Induced by the Administration of Carbon Monoxide and Other Compounds In Smoke
Published in David G. Penney, Carbon Monoxide, 2019
Daniel L. Traber, Darien W. Bradford
The early diagnosis of smoke inhalation injury remains a challenge to the clinician because the characteristic clinical and radiologic signs may not yet be apparent 24 to 48 h after inhalation. Clinical features such as facial burn, singed nasal vibrissae, hoarseness, carbonaceous sputum, and wheezing alert the clinician to the possibly of smoke inhalation injury. Other features include audible wheezes, uvular edema, retrosternal burning, stridor, dyspnea, salivation, and viscid sputum. Determining the type and source (i.e., chemical or smoke) and whether the fire occurred in an enclosed space is most important in the initial evaluation of the patient. In the case of other chemicals, it is important to find out the agents with which the individuals were working. CO poisoning depends on several factors (Table 3) (Klaassen, 1985). Tissues with high oxygen metabolism, such as brain, heart, liver, and kidney, are more sensitive to CO than tissues such as resting skeletal muscle with slower oxygen metabolism. Exposure to significant amounts of CO results in hypoxemia, the signs of which vary from irritability to depression (Peters, 1981). Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Any suspicion of altered mental status should alert the clinician to the possibility of CO exposure and necessitate administration of high concentrations of oxygen immediately. CO is not metabolized, but excreted by the lungs. It is important to realize that the arterial oxygen tension will remain near normal in CO poisoning, whereas the oxygen content of the blood (O2 saturation) will fall sharply as oxygen is replaced by CO on the hemoglobin molecule (Prien and Traber, 1988).
Estimating the physicochemical properties of antiemetics using degree-based topological descriptors
Published in Molecular Physics, 2023
Zhi-hao Hui, Muhammad Naeem, Abdul Rauf, Adnan Aslam
Antiemetics are drugs that are used to ease nausea or vomiting. The body's protective reflex that expels toxic substances into the guts and stomach is called vomiting. Nausea and vomiting can be caused by the side effects of many drugs, including anesthetics, opioid analgesics, and chemotherapy directed against cancer [1]. In cases of dehydration, antiemetics are necessary to control vomiting. In general, antiemetics are well-tolerated but can result in side effects such as headache, malaise, light-headedness, dry mouth, fatigue, constipation or diarrhea, and dizziness. There are many types of antiemetics available because the body can create nausea or vomiting in many different ways.
Phyto-remedial detoxification of arsenic by Pistia stratiotes and assessment of its anti-oxidative enzymatic changes
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2019
Mahasweta Paul, Chandrima Goswami, Meenakshi Mukherjee, Tarit Roychowdhury
Chronic exposure to arsenic contaminated drinking water beyond the permissible limit of 10 ppb (BIS) may cause dermal lesions such as hyper-pigmentation and hypo-pigmentation, peripheral neuropathy, skin cancer, bladder, and lung cancer (Mouron, Golijow, and Dulout 2001) (Figure 1). Acute symptoms include abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, muscular pain, and weakness.