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Types of Corrosion in the Offshore Environment
Published in Karan Sotoodeh, Coating Application for Piping, Valves and Actuators in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, 2023
An electrolyte is a substance that produces electrical continuity and conductivity in a solvent like water, and that plays a vital role in the occurrence of corrosion. When an anode and cathode are immersed in an electrolyte, the reaction between the two metals is triggered and accelerated. Some of the main electrolytes are sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium and magnesium. When these electrolytes are dissolved in water, they are separated into positive and negative ions called cations (+) and anions (−), respectively. The anions are drawn to the electrode with a deficit of electrons, and the cations move in the opposite direction. In other words, the cations are positive and move to the negative terminal (cathode), and the anions are negative and move to the positive terminal (anode).
Dynamic Crossovers in Water under Extreme Conditions
Published in Fausto Martelli, Properties of Water from Numerical and Experimental Perspectives, 2022
Paola Gallo, Gaia Camisasca, Mauro Rouere
There is a great interest in solutions of water with ions. Water is a very good solvent for ionic substances. Ions usually dissolve in water and become strong electrolytes, that is, electrically conductive solutions. Aqueous solutions of ions are present in different types of materials, and they are the subject of many research studies in chemistry, biology, and chemical engineering. It is important to understand how the behaviour of water can be modified by its interaction with ions since this is somehow the basic problem that needs to be solved in order to understand a number of phenomena related to the presence of ionic aqueous solutions.
2D Nanomaterials for Flexible Supercapacitors
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Energy Applications of 2D Nanomaterials, 2022
Yamin Zhang, Jinyang Zhang, Linrui Hou, Changzhou Yuan
There are still many unsolved problems in the development of FSCs, which are not only the focus and hotspot of future research but also the opportunities in the research process: (i) At present, FSCs could not meet the requirements of high energy output equipment, and electrode materials still need to be deeply explored and new innovations to meet the requirements of commercialization. (ii) It is very important to study the mechanical strength and flexibility of FSCs, which directly affects their practical application. Therefore, it is very necessary to study the tensile properties of the device and the electrochemical properties of bending in different states during the research. (iii) Commonly used electrolytes are generally toxic and corrosive, which can cause harm to the human body. Therefore, to avoid electrolyte leakage, high safety factor packaging technology is needed to ensure the normal operation of wearable FSCs.
Evaluating electrochemical micromachining capabilities for industrial applications: A review
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
Jitendra Singh, Rishi Kant, Anutosh Nimesh, Nitish Katiyar, Shantanu Bhattacharya
A good example of an electrolyte is a brine solution (NaCl solution). Sodium chloride solutions are commonly utilized for machining stainless steel (SS) workpiece when a precision surface finish is desired. As mentioned earlier, sodium chloride is a non-passive electrolyte; therefore, it does not make any passive layer over the stainless-steel (SS) surface. This makes machining quite fast, uniform, and precise. Sodium nitrate is used instead of sodium chloride for machining stainless steel when an inverse image of the tool is needed to be engraved on the substrate surface. The high current density produced by the use of sodium nitrate encourages the dissolution of anodic material, whereas the low current density supports passivation. That is why sodium nitrate is better than sodium chloride in terms of machining resolutions, provided that the same concentration of both is compared. Table 4 provides a list of commonly used electrolytes for machining different metal alloys.
The impact of sodium salts on the physicochemical properties of the mixture of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and metformin hydrochloride drug at several temperatures
Published in Molecular Physics, 2022
Roksanur Akter, Shamim Mahbub, M. Alfakeer, Md. Tuhinur R. Joy, Md. Niaz Ishtiak, Shahed Rana, Dileep Kumar, Md. Anamul Hoque
Electrolytes play a vital role in the bio-system as they maintain the balance between intracellular and extracellular fluid, as a result, they maintain hydration, muscle function, pH level and nerve impulse. For example, sodium, potassium and calcium are required for muscle contraction and any imbalance or deficiency will lead to muscle weakness or cramping. For maintaining concentration gradient and charge differences across the cell membrane, isotonic solution of sodium chloride is needed [33]. Alam et al. [34] worked on the aggregation and clouding of the amphiphilic antidepressant drug in presence of KCl. The aggregation behaviour of antihistaminic drug diphenhydramine. HCl and the thermodynamic parameters associated with this phenomenon in presence of different chloride salts were also reported [35]. In the present study, we have thus selected several sodium salts as simple electrolytes (NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4 and Na3PO4) which contain anions of different nature (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and PO43−). These anions have been randomly selected to find their effects on the aggregation properties of the TTAB + MNH mixture.
On controlling of gas film shape in electrochemical discharge machining process for fabrication of elliptical holes
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2021
Botcha Appalanaidu, Akshay Dvivedi
Kurafuji and Suda[12] conducted initial trials in the ECDM process. Later on, many developments have taken place on different segments of the ECDM process to enhance its performance. Gupta et al.[13] used DC pulsed power supply in the ECDM process and reported that feature quality and material removal rate enhanced while using the DC pulsed power supply. Han et al.[14] investigated the surface quality of the machined feature using side-insulated tool electrodes. Side-insulated tool electrode minimized the stray erosion and resulting in enhancement of the surface quality of the machined feature. Gupta et al.[7] performed an analysis of the effect of numerous electrolytes on process performance. They suggested that NaOH would be a preferable electrolyte to attain a higher rate of material removal, and KOH is the better solution for lower overcut. Jha et al.[15] reported that the form accuracy of the machined feature improved with the help of abrasive-coated tools by generating high frequency and low-intensity discharges. Arya and Dvivedi[16] investigated on the incorporation of pressurized electrolyte flow into the machining zone through a tubular tool electrode. They reported that pressurized electrolyte flow enhances the hole depth.