China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
X-Nuclei MRI and Energy Metabolism
Published in Guillaume Madelin, X-Nuclei Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2022
Chlorine (Cl). Chlorine Cl- is an important anion (called chloride) in the body for maintaining a normal balance of fluids and cell volume regulation, for maintaining ion homeostasis and membrane potential, for nerve impulse and muscle contraction.
Introduction to Wastewater
Published in Sreedevi Upadhyayula, Amita Chaudhary, Advanced Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment, 2021
Chlorides (Cl−): Chloride in water is a tough problem to solve. A very small amount can pollute water permanently. At high concentrations, chloride can harm fish and plant life. Chlorides can contaminate freshwater streams and lakes. Chlorides increase the electrical conductivity of water and thus corrode metals. It affects the taste of food products. Once it enters the water, there is no easy way to remove it.
The Science of Wastewater
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Fundamentals of Wastewater-Based Epidemiology, 2021
In the form of the Cl− ion, chloride is one of the major inorganic constituents in water and wastewater. Sources of chlorides in natural waters are (1) leaching of chloride form rocks and soils; (2) in coastal areas, salt-water intrusion; (3) from agricultural, industrial, domestic, and human wastewater; and (4) from infiltration of groundwater into sewers adjacent to salt water. The salty taste produced by chloride concentration in potable water is variable and depends on the chemical composition of the water. In wastewater, the chloride concentration is higher than in raw water because sodium chloride (salt) is a common part of the diet and passes unchanged through the digestive system. Because conventional methods of waste treatment do not remove chloride to any significant extent, higher than usual chloride concentrations can be taken as an indication that the body of water is being used for waste disposal (Metcalf & Eddy, 2003).
Assessment of the intrinsic bioremediation capacity of a complexly contaminated Yamuna River of India: a algae-specific approach
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Dharmendra Kumar, Shivankar Agrawal, Dinabandhu Sahoo
Chlorides may get into surface water from several sources including rocks containing Chlorides, agricultural run-off, wastewater from industries, oil well wastes, and effluent wastewater from wastewater treatment plants. At the moment there is no imposed highest level for the Chloride content, but the World Health Organization has defined a recommended limit of 250 ppm. In general, the concentration of Chloride in drinking water is usually measured at 30–70 ppm. Drinking water that is disinfected with chlorine usually contains higher Chloride. (Fytianos and Christophoridis 2004). Chloride in water is a tough problem to solve. It takes only a small amount - one teaspoon per 5 gallons of water to pollute water permanently. At high concentrations, Chloride can harm fish and plant life. Elevated concentrations of Chloride in streams can be toxic to some aquatic life. Additionally, the presence of Chloride increases the potential corrosivity of the water. Corrosion in water distribution systems affects infrastructure and drinking water quality. In Yamuna water concentration of Chloride is found to be much higher 4,040.740 mg/L than the permissible limit WHO (250 ppm) which makes Yamuna water not suitable for drinking and other uses (Table 1). The concentration of Chloride in the Yamuna River found much higher than 130–245 mg/L reported in the Hindon River, Uttar Pradesh by (Singh and Kumar 2016), 5.81 and 5.19 mg/L in wet and dry seasons of the Tana River in Kenya (Njuguna et al.2020).
Water quality assessment of Mansbal Lake in Kashmir
Published in Water Science, 2022
Daawar Bashir Ganaie, Anirudh Malhotra, Irfan Ahmad Wani
Chloride is formed when the element chlorine (Cl) gains an electron or when a compound such as a hydrogen chloride (HCl) is dissolved in water or other polar solvents. In the present study, the chloride content in Manasbal Lake ranged between 21.9 mg/L and 5.8 mg/L, and maximum values were recorded in June. The highest values were recorded from the Kondabal site and Hanji Mohalla site, because of the addition of sewage and high pollution load from the catchment area. The presence of Chloride in water witnesses the organic load of animal origin from the catchment area (Thresh, Beale, & Suckling, 1943). Exceed in the concentration of chloride in an aquatic system is a notion, not only of eutrophication but also of pollution-induced by sewage and other wastewaters (Munawar, 1970, 1974). The presence of chloride content in lake water near the Kondabal site may also be due to the siltation of pestilential run-off from adjacent fields, stone mines, and lime furnaces. Chlorides mainly originate from inorganic salts like NaCl, KCl and CaCl2, etc. which are normally provided by soil, natural layers of chloride salts, domestic sewage, and animal wastes (Gopalkrushna, 2011).
Water quality assessment of Noyyal river using water quality index (WQI) and multivariate statistical techniques
Published in Water Science, 2022
Abirami Subramanian, Sushmitha Baskar
Chloride is a naturally occurring substance in all waterbodies. This might be because of the geological properties of the area, agricultural runoffs, wastewater from industries, and domestic sources, etc. It has no harmful effect on human health, as chloride is an essential micronutrient for life which is found as salts (NaCl and KCl) in the human body. As per the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012), the desirable limit of chloride in water is 250 mg/L and in case of the absence of alternative sources, the maximum acceptable limit is 1000 mg/L because it can impart the taste to the water. The concentration of chloride in the collected samples varied from 8 mg/L to 480 mg/L. A report by Gayathri, Muralisankar, Rajaram, Muniasamy, and Santhanam (2020) also observed high levels of chloride in the Noyyal river samples which exceeded the drinking water permissible limit set by BIS.