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Development and Utilization of a Novel Prodosomed-Electrolyte and Phytochemical Formulation Technology to Restore Metabolic Homeostasis
Published in Debasis Bagchi, Manashi Bagchi, Metal Toxicology Handbook, 2020
Bernard W. Downs, Manashi Bagchi, Bruce S. Morrison, Jeffrey Galvin, Steve Kushner, Debasis Bagchi
Chloride: Edible salt is the prime source of chlorides in human body. Following ingestion, it is absorbed in the intestine, and extra chloride is excreted in the urine. Chloride plays an important role in helping the body to maintain a normal balance of fluids, while it is an important indicator for a wide array of clinical conditions.37–41 Chloride is generally tested in blood, sweat, urine, and feces. After sodium, chloride is an important and abundant electrolyte in the serum, which plays a prime role in the regulation of body fluids, proper blood volume, electrolyte balance, blood pressure, preservation of electrical neutrality and pH (acid-base homeostasis) of body fluids.38,41 It also maintains the fluid homeostasis inside and outside the cells. Moreover, it is intricately linked to multiple physiological conditions. Abnormal chloride levels alone indicate a serious metabolic disorder including metabolic acidosis or alkalosis.38–41 Irregularities in chloride channel expression and function can lead to multiple diseases and disorders in diverse organs. A chloride test can be performed to assess the level of chloride in the blood or urine, as well as in the sweat.38–41
Basic Chemical Principles
Published in John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella, Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, 2019
John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella
Other elements show varying tendencies to obtain a filled shell by the sharing of electrons with other atoms or by the actual gain or loss of electrons to form charged species, called ions. For example, sodium (symbol Na, atomic number 11) readily loses one electron to form the sodium ion, Na+, with ten electrons. By losing one electron, sodium has acquired the same number of electrons as the inert gas neon and it has become a very stable chemical species. Fluorine (symbol F, atomic number 9) readily acquires one additional electron to become the fluoride ion, F−. This is another ten-electron species and is quite stable. Other elements display similar tendencies to gain or lose electrons to acquire “inert gas” electron configurations by becoming positive or negative ions. Many chemical species found in nature are ionic compounds. These are usually found as crystalline solids composed of interpenetrating lattices of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attraction between these oppositely charged particles. Table salt, or sodium chloride, is an ionic compound consisting of sodium and chloride ions, Na+ and Cl−, and one uses the formula NaCl to represent the one-to-one ionic ratio. The attractive forces holding the solid together are called ionic bonds.
Erosion
Published in Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger, Mining and the Environment, 2019
Karlheinz Spitz, John Trudinger
The seventh most abundant element in the earth, sodium occurs mainly as soluble salts, notably sodium chloride (table salt). Metallic sodium has relatively few uses but sodium salts are widely used. Sodium chloride is widely used for flavour enhancement, de-icing and in the production of other sodium compounds. Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is used in a wide range of chemical processes, while sodium bicarbonate is used in baking. The main source of sodium (sodium chloride) is produced by the evaporation of sea water and brines, and from deposits of rock salt.
Classification of thermoluminescence features of the natural halite with machine learning
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2022
Dilek Toktamis, Mehmet Bilal Er, Esme Isik
Sodium chloride, or salt, is an ionic compound with the chemical formula NaCl, which represents the combination of sodium and chloride ions [8]. The basic structure is known as the halite or rock-salt crystal structure, and it can be present in a variety of other compounds. It can be interpreted as two interpenetrating face-centred cubic (fcc) lattices or as a face-centred cubic (fcc) lattice with a two-atom basis. It has wide bandgap energy that is about 8.5 eV [9]. NaCl is naturally crystallized from lakes, seawater mines as solid rock and also as saline groundwater. While impurities can affect the color spectrum of halite, defects within the crystal lattice are caused by the deep blue and violet colors, and bacteria from various algae cause the pink and peach colors of many dry lake halite specimens [10].
Treatment of a clay soil deposited in saline water by cement
Published in European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 2021
A. R. Estabragh, M. Kouchakzadeh, A. A. Javadi
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound with chemical formula NaCl showing a 1:1 ratio of sodium and chloride ions. Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible for the salinity of seawater. On average, seawater has a salinity of about 35 g/L. Local lakes in some countries are in hypersaline condition. For example, the salinity of Urmia Lake in the northwest of Iran has risen to more than 300 g/L (Eimanifar & Mohebbi, 2007). Large quantities of sodium chloride are used in many industrial processes as well as de-icing of roadways in sub-freezing weather where salt enters the soil and changes the properties of the soil. Review of the literature shows that up to now, the effect of high salinity on the behaviour of sediments has not been studied. On the other hand, the deposited soil in high salinity water may be used as construction material such as borrow area or foundation for buildings. In such projects, it is necessary to understand the behaviour of these soils and also improve the mechanical properties of them. Therefore, solutions of sodium chloride with concentrations of 40, 80 and 150 g/L were selected. The measured values of pH for these solutions are nearly the same as drinking water.
A reduction in spring mixing due to road salt runoff entering Mirror Lake (Lake Placid, NY)
Published in Lake and Reservoir Management, 2020
Brendan Wiltse, Elizabeth C. Yerger, Corey L. Laxson
Sodium chloride increasingly is recognized as a significant pollutant in the northern hemisphere. Road runoff has infiltrated both surface water and groundwater, resulting in elevated salinity (Kelting et al. 2012, Dugan et al. 2017, Schuler et al. 2017, Hintz and Relyea 2017a, Kelly et al. 2018, Pieper et al. 2018). Sodium and chloride concentrations in impacted waters have been linked to road density, impervious surface density, and road salt application rates (Kaushal et al. 2005, Kelting et al. 2012). Groundwater with concentrations exceeding US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking-water guidance values for sodium has been documented in areas receiving runoff from general road application, as well as runoff from salt storage facilities (Kelly et al. 2018, Pieper et al. 2018).