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Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering
Published in Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Tissue Engineering, 2022
Blessing Atim Aderibigbe, Shesan John Owonubi
Polymer-based materials such as hydrogels, films, composites, fibers, etc., have been developed for skin regeneration. Severe skin damage resulting from injury can be life-threatening. Skin regeneration involves a combination of complex biological processes such as inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Despite the availability of a wide range of wound dressings, wound healing still remains a clinical challenge globally among the aged people, people with chronic conditions, burn patients, etc. (Han and Ceilley, 2017).
Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
Skin disease is one of the most common ailments and a major concern worldwide. It is reported that between 30% and 70% of individuals are at high risk of having skin diseases (Hay et al., 2014). Approximately 1-7 in every 10 people that visit to a primary care physician are due to skin problems (Gupta et al., 2010). The detrimental effects of skin disease on health may cause physical incapacity and even could lead to death (Hay et al., 2014). It remains the 18th leading cause of health burden to worldwide (Hay et al., 2014; Karimkhani et al., 2017). There are many types of skin diseases and the most common include eczema, psoriasis, acne vulgaris, pruritus, scabies, fungal and bacterial skin diseases, abscess and nonmelanoma skin cancer (Hay et al., 2014).
Toxic Responses of the Skin
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
The skin is a complex organ, and differs in thickness, cornification, pigmentation, occurrence of hair and glands, and blood supply over various regions of the body. The skin consists of two main layers: the outer epidermis which contains epithelial cells arranged in layers and the dermis which consists of fibrous connective tissue and the blood supply. The subcutaneous layer, which contains fat and connective tissues, lies below the dermis.
A method to predict burn injuries of firefighters considering heterogeneous skin thickness distribution based on the instrumented manikin system
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2021
Epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissues are regarded as the three main layers of human skin. Heat transfer in the skin is a complex process including conduction combined with other physiological processes such as metabolic heat generation, blood perfusion and evaporation. Pennes bioheat transfer equation [6], based on Fourier’s law for conduction heat transfer, is frequently used to model skin heat transfer. Kumar et al. [7] dealt with the heat transfer in triple-layer skin tissue for three different types of surface heating using the time fractional bioheat model, which can describe dynamic events that occur in biological tissue. Zhai et al. [8] analyzed different mechanisms of steam diffusion through the multiple skin layers, as well as the moisture-assisted Pennes bioheat transfer. Various experiments were conducted on animals and human skin in order to investigate skin burns, which were associated with temperature evolution and exposure time [9,10]. According to the extent of burn injuries, burn wound depths are classified as first-degree, second-degree and third-degree burns. First-degree burns may be induced by sun exposure or hot liquids with low viscosity, which only involves the epidermis [1]. The dermis is involved in second-degree burns. Flame is one of the causes of third-degree burns, in which the full thickness of skin suffers thermal damage [1]. A classification of burns as superficial, superficial partial thickness, deep partial thickness and full thickness was also defined to reflect damage of the skin [11,12].
Dual controlled release nanomicelle-in-nanofiber system for long-term antibacterial medical dressings
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2019
Hui Yu, Xiaojing Chen, Jie Cai, Dongdong Ye, Yuxiao Wu, Peifeng Liu
Skin trauma refers to damaged skin structure, caused by external physical, chemical, or biological factors. It includes acute wounds from mechanical injury, burns, or surgery, as well as chronic wounds such as pressure ulcers, diabetic foot disease, and venous leg ulcers [1,2]. Skin wound healing is a complex but orderly biological process whereby skin tissue responds to trauma and repairs itself. The healing process can be divided into several stages. In the order of occurrence, they are inflammation (15 min to 6 days), proliferation (2–3 days to 2–3 weeks), and maturation (3 weeks to 2 years) [3,4]. Skin wounds that do not heal quickly are susceptible to infection. This can lead to chronic ulcers, which seriously affect the quality of life. If an infection spreads, it can lead to a life-threatening sepsis. World Health Organization statistics show that there are over 11 million burn victims every year. Of those, 260,000 die of infection. Research has shown that 15% of diabetes patients have diabetic foot ulcers for life, and 84% of those have infected foot ulcers. Globally, this leads to one amputation every 30 s [5,6]. Therefore, it is extremely important to develop a long-term antibacterial medical dressing to prevent wounds from becoming infected during the healing process.
A bilayer scaffold prepared from collagen and carboxymethyl cellulose for skin tissue engineering applications
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2018
Cemile Kilic Bektas, Ilgin Kimiz, Aylin Sendemir, Vasif Hasirci, Nesrin Hasirci
Skin is the largest organ of the body that has important functions such as serving as a physical barrier against external environmental factors, regulating the body temperature and maintaining the normal hydration levels [1] and it is composed of three layers; epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat tissue, from top to bottom. Epidermis is the thin outermost layer that behaves as a barrier, protects the internal organs and has mostly keratinocytes in its structure [2]. Beneath this layer dermis is located. Dermis is vascularized and has receptors to sense outside effects, and has mostly fibroblasts which continuously secrete extracellular matrix (ECM) containing proteins, proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans to preserve tissue integrity. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are the major components of the extracellular matrix and have crucial roles in differentiation, gene expression and regulation of the activities of the proteins [3].