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Introduction to Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
María Verónica Cuevas González, Eduardo Villarreal-Ramírez, Adriana Pérez-Soria, Pedro Alberto López Reynoso, Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez
The extracellular matrix is a non-cellular structure present in all vertebrate tissues. The origin of multicellularity in metazoans is intimately related to the development of the extracellular matrix. The evolutionary transition from unicellular to multicellular organisms was a fundamental change in the history of living beings on Earth. At the beginning of cellular cooperation, the cells were able to work in a cohesive way to perform more complex and sophisticated tasks; this was due to the emergence of the proteins secreted by the cells and their particular structural arrangement (Czaker 2000).
Foundations of bioelectromagnetics
Published in Riadh Habash, BioElectroMagnetics, 2020
Cells are grouped and combined with other materials to form several characteristic types of materials called tissues. There are four basic types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. Epithelial tissues consist of cells in single or multilayered membranes. They perform the functions of protection and regulation of secretion and absorption of materials.
Principles of Biology
Published in Arthur T. Johnson, Biology for Engineers, 2019
We see in this section that the cell is distinguished as the basic BU. Any group of cells of similar structure that performs a specific function is called a tissue. Examples of these are muscle tissues in animals and phloem tissues in plants. A multicellular structural or functional unit to perform a specific role of an animal or plant, which may be composed of different tissues, is known as an organ. Examples are the liver, a leaf, or an eye. A system is a functional unit made up of correlated and semi-independent parts. Examples of these are vascular or digestive systems. An organism is any living thing, be it animal, plant, microorganism, or other (depending on the classification scheme, which will be avoided in this text). A population is a group of similar individual organisms inhabiting a particular locality or region. A biome is a major regional community of organisms defined by the habitat and determined by the interaction of the substrate, climate, fauna, and flora. An ecosystem is a collection that includes all the biotic organisms and abiotic components of the total environment.
Development of a novel poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) based composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
Mojtaba Ansari, Hossein Eslami
Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field combining the science and technology of biology and chemistry to yield promising alternatives for the treatment of the loss or malfunction of an organ without the restrictions of today's therapies.[1–12] Tissue engineering involves the culture of cells obtained from a small biopsy of a patient followed by the controlled growth of the cells in 3 D degradable scaffolds to create a new organ or tissue.[13] One common method of use is to implant biodegradable scaffolds for tissue ingrowth in-vivo to provoke direct tissue formation in-situ.[14,15] Biodegradable cell-seeded scaffolds have many of the advantages of auto-grafts as a golden standard, but without the problems associated with insufficient cell supply.
Boosting osteogenic potential and bone regeneration by co-cultured cell derived extracellular matrix incorporated porous electrospun scaffold
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Andrew Padalhin, Reiza Ventura, Boram Kim, Tamanna Sultana, Chan Mi Park, Byong-Taek Lee
Extracellular matrix constitutes the main structural support for housing cells of all tissue types. Comprising of mainly cell derived proteins; these biological frames are highly suitable for cell attachment and proliferation. Several studies have also suggested that extracellular matrix can highly influence cell differentiation and resulting tissue development [25–29]. But unlike stem cells, ECM does not require highly patient-tailored approach, making its application highly adaptable and ubiquitous. Extensive research in tissue engineering has led to interest in mimicking and fabricating analogues of ECM under laboratory conditions [30,31]. In this regard, stem cells have been in the fore front of investigation in ex vivo ECM synthesis [10,12,15,32]. A recent study has concluded that ECM sourced from mesenchymal stem cells supported stem cell proliferation and retained the cells’ receptiveness to osteogenic growth factor (BMP-2) [27]. Aside from maintaining stem cell potency, ECM from younger stem cells have also been found to restore potential for osteogenesis of aged mesenchymal stem cells and lower oxidative stress [28].
Standardization of life-cycle performance evaluation and application to suspension bridge with multiple pylons
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2020
Airong Chen, Dalei Wang, Rujin Ma, Zichao Pan
In medical science, for example, the human organism is divided into several systems, such as the circulatory system, respiratory system, and digestive system, each of which contains multiple organs. For instance, the digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine, etc. Each organ can be further subdivided into several tissues, such as epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue, and each tissue can be divided into various types of cells. Therefore, the human organism can be divided into a hierarchy of levels with the structure of system, organ, tissue, and cell. By analogy, the long-span bridge can also be divided into a hierarchy of levels with a structure of system (cable bearing system), component (cables, suspenders, etc.), part (anchorage devices, steel wires, sheaths, etc.), and smaller part on different levels.