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Thymoquinone-Loaded Nanocarriers for Healthcare Applications
Published in Mahfoozur Rahman, Sarwar Beg, Mazin A. Zamzami, Hani Choudhry, Aftab Ahmad, Khalid S. Alharbi, Biomarkers as Targeted Herbal Drug Discovery, 2022
Ruqaiyah Khan, Himani Nautiyal, Shakir Saleem
Diabetes, one of the rapidly growing metabolic disorders is mediated by abnormal insulin secretion or action or both. It is characterized by hyperglycemia which ultimately causes oxidative stress and damages different organs (American Diabetes Association, 2009). TQ is a potential antidiabetic compound which alleviates almost every diabetic complication remarkably (see Figure 13.5) (AbuKhader et al., 2012; Atta et al., 2017).
Toxicology
Published in Martin B., S.Z., of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Toxic chemicals are eliminated from the body by various routes. The kidney is a very important organ for excretion of toxicants, and more toxicants are eliminated from the body by this route than any other routes. Other routes can be major pathways for excretion of specific chemicals. For example, many toxic chemicals metabolized by the liver are excreted in the bile and later eliminated in the stool, whereas lungs are important for excretion of gaseous molecules such as carbon monoxide. All body secretions appear to have the ability to excrete foreign chemicals and toxic chemicals or their metabolites can be excreted in sweat, saliva, tears, and breast milk, and there may be minor excretion in hair or skin.
Human exposure to synthetic endocrine disrupting chemicals (S-EDCs) is generally negligible as compared to natural compounds with higher or comparable endocrine activity. How to evaluate the risk of the S-EDCs?
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2020
Herman Autrup, Frank A. Barile, Sir Colin Berry, Bas J. Blaauboer, Alan Boobis, Herrmann Bolt, Christopher J. Borgert, Wolfgang Dekant, Daniel Dietrich, Jose L. Domingo, Gio Batta Gori, Helmut Greim, Jan Hengstler, Sam Kacew, Hans Marquardt, Olavi Pelkonen, Kai Savolainen, Pat Heslop-Harrison, Nico P. Vermeulen
The function of the endocrine system is strictly regulated involving the hypothalamic/pituitary/gonad axis. The hypothalamus secretes stimulating and inhibiting factors that modulate the pituitary secretion of hormones. These then regulate diverse processes like the control of growth, metabolism, or reproductive cycles. The homeostasis of the endocrine system is regulated by feedback mechanisms. The more common negative feed-back cycles negatively affect stimulation from a preceding tissue. The less common positive-feedback mechanisms positively affect or increase stimulation from the preceding tissue.