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Introduction: Background Material
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
The reverse of endocytosis is exocytosis, in which a membrane-bounded vesicle containing some molecules fuses with the cell membrane, thereby releasing the molecules into the extracellular space. Secretion of hormones and release of neurotransmitters (Section 6.1.2.2) is by exocytosis.
Recent advances in nanotechnology based combination drug therapy for skin cancer
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Shweta Kumari, Prabhat Kumar Choudhary, Rahul Shukla, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Prashant Kesharwani
Transfersomes are an artificial vesicular carrier which is designed to show the features of a cell vesicle or cells engaged in exocytosis. These transferosomes are suitable for controlled and potentially targeted delivery of drugs [55]. These are special types of liposomes, composed of phosphatidylcholine and an edge activator. Transferosomes are biodegradable, biocompatible, have better penetration and better solubilities in both hydrophilic and lipophilic structures. These have advantage of having phospholipids vesicles as transdermal drug delivery system also. Transfersomes can distribute higher quantities of both larger and smaller therapeutic agents through and into the skin. The transfersomes usage in cancer patients may be utilized in the treatment of actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and kaposi’s sarcoma. The transfersomes may be a good carrier for the delivery and distribution of the drugs into the skin layers and so, are useful in the skin carcinoma treatment [56].
Physiological and pathophysiological implications of hydrogen sulfide: a persuasion to change the fate of the dangerous molecule
Published in Journal of the Chinese Advanced Materials Society, 2018
Jan Mohammad Mir, Ram Charitra Maurya
Signaling molecules are among special class of compounds that are responsible for transmitting information between cells in a body. The size, shape, and function of different types of signaling molecules can vary greatly. Some carry signals over short distances, while others transmit information over very long distances. Signaling molecules may be in all sizes and chemical dispositions, ranging from relatively large proteins to gaseous molecules.[40] Based on the variations in their properties, signaling molecules are broadly classified as neurotransmitter and gasotransmitter. Neurotransmitters are compounds produced by neurons and stored in vesicles until stimulation of the neurons trigger their release (Figure 4, top). Specific membrane receptor in a neighboring cell is encountered by the signaling molecules to produce a physiological effect. A number of features are being shared by amine, amino acid, and peptide neurotransmitters and are stored in synaptic vesicles, so that desirable proportion of the stores is released, leaving a reserve pool for safety purpose. The release is the consequence of exocytosis, in which the vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane to expel its contents. Inactivation of the phenomeneon occurs by re-uptake of neurotransmitters into the releasing nerve terminal or adjacent glia by enzymatic degradation or by simple diffusion away from the synapse.
Performance improvement of the osmotic microbial fuel cell by the pre-treatment of anaerobic sewage sludge using solenoid magnetic field
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Mandar S. Bhagat, Arvind Kumar Mungray, Alka A. Mungray
A cell membrane has four different kinds of ion channel, as shown in Figure 6: a voltage-gated channel, an intracellular ligand-gated channel, an extracellular ligand-gated channel, and a stress-activated channel. Binding ligands and mechanical stress (such as vibration, sound waves, temperature, UV radiation, a magnetic field, and so on) are important stimuli that cause ion channels to open. As a result of this activity, the cell membrane endocytosis and exocytosis processes are activated [34,35]. These processes in bacteria increase the removal efficiency of organic matter present in wastewater. On the other hand, the metabolic functions of bacteria may be adversely affected by continuous, high-intensity SOMF.