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Natural Oil-Based Polymer: A Sustainable Approach Toward Green Chemistry
Published in Neha Kanwar Rawat, Iuliana Stoica, A. K. Haghi, Green Polymer Chemistry and Composites, 2021
Taruna Singh, Athar Adil Hashmi
Biopolymers like polysaccharides, polypeptides, and polynucleotides are essential for living organisms. Synthesis of protein involves enzyme-mediated process to transcribe genetic information from DNA to RNA and subsequently translate that information to synthesize the protein from amino acids. Various commercial polymers are prepared by chemical amendment of naturally occurring polymers. Nitrocellulose is produced by the reaction of nitric acid and cellulose. Heating natural rubber in presence of sulphur results in the synthesis of vulcanized rubber. Polymers can be modified through various ways which include oxidation, cross-linking, and end-capping.
Arsenals of Pharmacotherapeutically Active Proteins and Peptides: Old Wine in a New Bottle
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Swati Gokul Talele, Tatiana G. Volova, A. K. Haghi, Biologically Active Natural Products, 2020
The peptides or proteins are synthesized by translation of mRNA. The mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus from the DNA template. The peptides produced after translation undergoes folding and various modifications to form a functional protein. The schematic representation is given in Figure 2.40.
Biomolecules
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Denaturation is a change in the secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures of proteins following the inactivation of the proteins. The environmental engineering aspects of denaturation are as follows: Thermal denaturation of proteins in pasteurization and sterilization processesDenaturation of proteins by chemical oxidants in the disinfection processDenaturation of proteins due to destruction of hydrogen bonds by organic solvent and saltsDenaturation of proteins caused by reaction of amino acids with heavy metals
Imparting antibacterial activity, UV-protection properties and enhancing performance of casein modified polyester fabrics
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Marwa A. Ali, Nermin M. Aly, Amira Adel Abou El-Kheir
So, many attempts have been made to overcome these issues to enhance polyester fabric properties. It was treated with atmospheric plasma glow discharge to increase its wettability and surface energy of the fibres (Garg et al., 2007). Heish and Cram (Hsieh & Cram, 1998) studied the use of six hydrolyzing enzymes to improve the wettability of several types of polyester fabrics including sulfonated polyester and micro-denier polyester fabrics. The results showed that, five of the six lipases had significantly improved water wetting and absorbent properties of regular polyester fabrics. It was also reported that PVA treated polyester showed improved hydrophilic properties over intact and sodium hydroxide treated polyester fabrics (Natarajan & Moses, 2012). Recently, proteinic biopolymers have attracted great interest in utilization in fabric finishing to improve their performance. Proteins are one of the most versatile bio-macromolecules that are essential for all living systems; they may contain in their structure a few hundred or thousands of amino acid units. There are various kinds of waste proteins like; keratin from wool, poultry feathers, hair, nails…etc., sericin from silk degumming, collagen or gelatin from the meat industry byproducts, wheat gluten protein from wheat, soybean protein after oil extraction and casein from skimmed milk (Sanchez-Vazquez et al., 2013).
It's not just about protein turnover: the role of ribosomal biogenesis and satellite cells in the regulation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Matthew Stewart Brook, Daniel James Wilkinson, Ken Smith, Philip James Atherton
Protein synthesis is the process by which ribosomes create polypeptide chains through linking amino acids together in a specific order according to mRNA. As such, rates of protein synthesis can be modulated by the rate of mRNA translation, known as “translational efficiency”. A primary control point regulating translational efficiency and therefore protein synthesis in the majority of eukaryotic cells is by cap dependent translation. This involves the assembly of many eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF's) to form a preinitiation complex (PIC) that interacts with the 5′ end of an mRNA to instigate protein synthesis (for more detail readers are directed to [Jackson, Hellen, & Pestova, 2010]). However, with protein synthesis being an energy demanding processes (e.g. through peptide bonding) it is unsurprising that there is myriad of regulating signaling cascades, many of which culminate on the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), that integrates signals such as exercise, AA availability and energy status to coordinate cellular metabolism (Goodman et al., 2011). Some of the best understood targets of mTOR are those directly involved in cap-dependent translation, including P70S6K1, 4E-BP1, and RPS6 that can enhance translation initiation and efficiency in the absence of ribosomal biogenesis (Chesley, MacDougall, Tarnopolsky, Atkinson, & Smith, 1992).
Structural basis of different surface-modified fullerene derivatives as novel thrombin inhibitors: insight into the inhibitory mechanism through molecular modelling studies
Published in Molecular Physics, 2021
Zhijie Yang, Yongfeng Wan, Jingwen E, Zhijian Luo, Shanshan Guan, Song Wang, Hao Zhang
The secondary structure of the protein included an α-helix, β-sheet, β-bridge, bend, turn, and coil. The changes in the secondary structure observed using conformational analysis were found to mainly occur in the Thr40-Thr55 and Glu146-Gly155 regions. The distribution of the secondary structures of these two regions in different systems with the simulation time are shown in enlarged form in Figure 10a, b. As shown in Figure 11a, the short helix part of His43-Leu45 was loosened, while the α-helix state and Turn state shifted to each other, which was especially visible in complex 1 and 3, and to a certain extent in complex 4 and 5; only complex 2 maintained its initial α-helix state after reaching equilibrium.