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Nanotechnology Applications in Nanomedicine: Prospects and Challenges
Published in Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Majid Kamli, Jamal S. M. Sabir, Hesham F. Alharby, Diverse Applications of Nanotechnology in the Biological Sciences, 2022
Arpita Dey, Smhrutisikha Biswal, Somaiah Sundarapandian
Since the discovery of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) in 2012, gene editing has gained extensive research momentum. The CRISPR-Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a recently developed gene-editing tool, a technology inspired by bacteria for new treatment of genetic diseases or disorders. CRISPR is composed of a scissor-like protein called Cas9, and a guide RNA molecule called sgRNA. The sgRNA guides the Cas9 protein to reach the target gene in the nucleus to edit the mistakes with the host cells’ repair system’s help. But to deliver the gene-clipping tool CRISPR-Cas9 in the cytosol and then to the nucleus across the cell membrane directly and effectively overcoming the cell’s defense system is a significant challenge (Mout et al., 2017). In a recent report, CRISPR/Cas9-ribonucleoprotein (Cas9-RNP)-based genome editing was able to specifically target gene and avoid integrational mutagenesis (Mout et al., 2017). The study found that Cas9–sgRNA complex coengineered with the cationic arginine gold nanoparticles (ArgNPs) showed high efficiency (∼90%) toward direct cytoplasmic and nuclear delivery besides approximately 30% gene editing efficiency. The Cas9 protein was also designed with an atomic sequence to release the inside nucleus by tweaking the Cas9 protein, and the delivery process was real-time monitored using advanced microscopy.
Personalized Medicine and a Data Revolution
Published in Ahmed Elngar, Ambika Pawar, Prathamesh Churi, Data Protection and Privacy in Healthcare, 2021
Subhajit Basu, Adekemi Omotubora
Personalized medicine unlocks the value of patient data to consider individual differences in a person’s genes, environment and lifestyle [2]. This will allow researchers to take the guesswork out of healthcare, as “increased utilisation of molecular stratification of patients, for example assessing for mutations that give rise to resistance to certain treatments, will provide medical professionals with clear evidence upon which to base treatment strategies for individual patients” [3]. In most typical situations, clinicians are pushed to follow a non-optimal trial-and-error approach in prescribing treatment options for the average patient. However, most of us are not average, so if the medication does not work after a while, the patient might be switched to another medication. This approach often leads to adverse drug responses and, in worst-case scenarios, serious health problems [4].
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Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Eun-Kyung Lim, Taekhoon Kim, Soonmyung Paik, Seungjoo Haam, Yong-Min Huh, Kwangyeol Lee
Gene therapy is the use of genes as medicine that involves the transfer of a therapeutic or working gene (DNA and RNA) copy into specific cells of a patient in order to repair gene defects due to mutations [403–409, 413, 420–426]. This technique has been studied in clinical settings for a variety of cancer types and other disease involving gene defects. Cancer cells possess upregulated or inappropriately expressed genes, which leads to uncontrolled cell growth. Identification of target genes could lead to development of tailored anticancer agents with which the toxic side effect of cancer chemotherapies could be overcome. For example, RNAi-based gene therapies, i.e., sequence-specific post-transcriptional silencing of gene expression mediated by small double-stranded (dsRNA), have the potential to treat a variety of human genomic disorder, especially in combination with conventional therapies such as chemotherapy [419, 424]. Whereas knockdown of a target mRNA is not feasible with sense and antisense RNAs, dsRNA can lead to an effective and a specific mRNA knockdown. After dsRNA is introduced into cells it is cleaved by the enzyme dicer, a member of the RNaseIII family of dsRNA-specific ribonucleases [407, 409, 421, 424]. This enzymatic cleavage degrades the RNA to 19–23 bp duplexes, each with a 2-bp 3′ overhang [703, 408, 422].
A gravity inspired clustering algorithm for gene selection from high-dimensional microarray data
Published in The Imaging Science Journal, 2023
P. Jayashree, V. Brindha, P. Karthik
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is a molecule composed of two chains of complex organic molecules called nucleotides. A gene is a sequence of nucleotides within a DNA molecule which stores the content about the synthesis of a ‘gene product’, determining the way a living organism is built and the way it functions. There are four types of nucleotides, by interleaving of which, a DNA strand is formed. These types are designated A (adenine), G (guanine), C (cytosine), and T (thymine). A DNA strand contains chains of nucleotides (called polynucleotide strands) which coil around each other and are bound by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide pairs (called base pairs). The nucleotide types A and T are complementary to each other, with G and C being the other complementary pair. In order for the information present in genes to be expressed, a process called transcription occurs, which converts the encoded information into physical or chemical artefacts in the body of the organism.
Deep multi-modal fusion network with gated unit for breast cancer survival prediction
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Our study uses the METABRIC dataset, from the International Breast Cancer Society’s Molecular Classification Database, which aims to further classify breast cancer tumors based on molecular features that help determine the best course of treatment (METABRIC Group, 2012). This dataset has metabolic tracking data for 1980 authentic breast cancer patients, details of which are presented in Table 1. The information for each breast cancer patient is derived from data in three modalities: clinical data, CNA data, and gene expression data. Clinical characteristics include patient age, tumor size, tumor stage and grade, receptor status, etc., as detailed in Table 2. The copy number of the genome changes during cancer development, and each CNA data represents the copy number of a specific gene in a specific sample. Gene expression is the process of synthesizing genetic information from genes into functional gene products. Different types of cancer cause different gene expression patterns in humans, and each gene expression data indicates the expression level of a specific gene in a specific sample.
Enhanced transfection efficiency of low generation PAMAM dendrimer conjugated with the nuclear localization signal peptide derived from herpesviridae
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Jeil Lee, Yong-Eun Kwon, Younjin Kim, Joon Sig Choi
In various dendrimers, PAMAM dendrimers consisting of biodegradable peptide bonds have received attention because biodegradability is a key factor determining safety in the living system. PAMAM dendrimer was developed by Tomalia at al, and first used as the nonviral vector by Haensler and Szoka for application of gene therapy [2]. Gene Therapy is a technique to treat various illnesses at the genetic level. In the past, the definition of gene therapy was the replacement of deficient genes through the introduction of normal genes. Technical advances such as RNA interference (RNAi) and gene editing have extended the definition of gene therapy to include revision and editing of deficient genes and inhibition of unwanted gene expression [3]. There are two methods for gene therapy: physical delivery and use of a vector system. The vector system utilizes either the viral vector or nonviral vector [4].