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Waterborne Polyurethane for Biomedical Applications
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Ajay Kumar Mishra, Eco-Friendly Waterborne Polyurethanes, 2022
Abbas Mohammadi, Mahtab Eslamieh, Negar Salehi, Saman Abrishamkar
In another study, Feng et al. used chitosan combined with WPU to overcome the burst release problem. They used electrostatic interactions between chitosan and amino acid-terminated WPU to increase the bioactivity of WPU drug carriers. Here, DOX is referred to as a drug model and ultrasound method as a physical stimulant of drug release. According to an in vitro experiment, this carrier membrane had a stable and controllable drug release rate. At the same time, the membrane significantly minimized DOX toxicity in normal cells [74]. Gene therapy is a medical procedure for genetic disorders in which a new gene sequence is transferred into a patient's cells. Wu et al. used waterborne biodegradable cationic polyurethanes (WCPU) as carriers for gene transfer. WCPU NPs were not toxic at concentrations below 1000 μg/ml and could be used as a transfection chemical agent [75]. As a result, the WPU nanocarriers mentioned above can be suitable options for controlled drug/gene delivery systems.
Deep Learning and Economic Prospects in Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Kingsley Eghonghon Ukhurebor, Olugbemi Tope Olaniyan, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Gloria E. Okotie, Julius Kola Oloke
Mebratu et al. (2014) revealed that genetic engineering can be described as a process involved in the manipulation of genetic components of cells like RNA and/or DNA in order to improving yield, changing or modifying products. It involves in vitro or in vivo techniques, gene therapy or generation of new strains from microorganisms for industrial or pharmaceutical utilization. The authors revealed that the utilization of genetic engineering for animal production with resistance to pathogens, production of vaccines, and increasing yield in agriculture has grown exponentially. Though many concerns have been raised like alteration of natural process of genetic equilibrium, cost and ethical concerns, the utilization of this cutting-edge technology holds a promising future for livestock production.
Introduction to the Biological System
Published in Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu, Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, 2020
Ashutosh Kumar Dubey, Amartya Mukhopadhyay, Bikramjit Basu
The bilayer structure of a cell membrane (made up of phospholipids) is semi-permeable in nature, which allows only some of the selective ions/molecules to pass in or out of the cell (see Figure 8.2). A number of protein molecules are also embedded across the bilayer membrane structure which helps in the transportation of various kinds of ions. As far as the replication of the cell is concerned, nucleic acid is a key genetic material that contains and helps in expressing a cell's genetic code. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the major classes of nucleic acids (see Figure 8.2). DNA is the genetic molecule, which contains the necessary information, required to replicate and maintain the cell. RNA is associated with the expression of the information stored in DNA and protein synthesis. DNA is present in the nucleus of a cell and uses RNA as intermediary for communicating with other cells.
Surveillance in Next-Generation Personalized Healthcare: Science and Ethics of Data Analytics in Healthcare
Published in The New Bioethics, 2021
Many patients are increasingly being drawn towards care customization. For many healthcare professionals, the doctor-patient relationship further emphasizes the need for customization of healthcare services. Some of the concepts that characterize personalized healthcare include; patient-centred care and personalized medicine. Patient-centred care involves the organization of patient management to address all the needs of the individual patients. Personalized medicine, on the other hand, focuses on tailoring treatment to suit the patient’s unique biological characteristics and genetic makeup (Minvielle et al. 2014). In the same light, augmented personalized healthcare (APH) is poised to improve the entire healthcare process by personalizing the integration and use of physical, cyber, and social data obtained from a variety of devices, including; wearables, Electronic Medical Records, and the Internet of Things (IoT) (Sheth and Anantharam 2013). Augmentation is the process whereby all the signals at the individual and population level obtained from analysing data are aggregated and integrated. Once these signals have been collected, they are converted into actions that ultimately result in the improvement of health-related outcomes (Sheth et al. 2017).
Enhanced transfection efficiency of low generation PAMAM dendrimer conjugated with the nuclear localization signal peptide derived from herpesviridae
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Jeil Lee, Yong-Eun Kwon, Younjin Kim, Joon Sig Choi
In various dendrimers, PAMAM dendrimers consisting of biodegradable peptide bonds have received attention because biodegradability is a key factor determining safety in the living system. PAMAM dendrimer was developed by Tomalia at al, and first used as the nonviral vector by Haensler and Szoka for application of gene therapy [2]. Gene Therapy is a technique to treat various illnesses at the genetic level. In the past, the definition of gene therapy was the replacement of deficient genes through the introduction of normal genes. Technical advances such as RNA interference (RNAi) and gene editing have extended the definition of gene therapy to include revision and editing of deficient genes and inhibition of unwanted gene expression [3]. There are two methods for gene therapy: physical delivery and use of a vector system. The vector system utilizes either the viral vector or nonviral vector [4].
Image Encryption using DNA Coding and Hyperchaotic System
Published in IETE Technical Review, 2020
M. Kar, A. Kumar, D. Nandi, M. K. Mandal
The Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule that contains the genetic information of all the living organisms. The development and function of the organisms depend on the structure of its DNA molecule. A DNA structure consists of four nucleic acid bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T). According to Watson-Crick base pairing rules [11,19], A and T are complementary and G and C are complementary. In the binary representation 0 and 1 are complementary, similarly, we can say 00 and 11 are complementary and also 01 and 10 are complementary. By considering the complementary rule, we may use A, C, G and T to denote 00, 01, 10 and 11, respectively. This is an example of one possible representation and other representations are given in Table 1. An image pixel value (8-bits binary number) may be represented by four binary numbers each consisting of two bits. These numbers are mapped to their corresponding DNA sequence. Therefore, each pixel of the image is represented by four acid bases. The 8-bit pixel value can be encoded in 24 possible ways using 4 bases but Watson-Crick base pairing rules support only 8 representations as listed in Table 1. For example, if the decimal value of a pixel is 53, its 8-bit binary representation is 00110101, then it is encoded as a DNA sequence CGAA according to rule 5 in Table 1. Inversely, the pixel value can be decoded by DNA sequence, for example, DNA sequence TCTC is decoded as 10111011 by rule 7 and the corresponding decimal value is 187.