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Land Contamination
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Bacteria are organisms made up of just one cell. They are capable of multiplying themselves through a process called “binary fission,” whereby a single bacterium grows to approximately twice its normal size and then splits into two daughter cells that are copies of the original bacterium. Bacteria live everywhere, even inside most organisms. Most bacteria are harmless, and some are beneficial by destroying other harmful bacteria within our bodies (Madigan et al. 2008). However, some may cause disease such as tuberculosis. One of the more common harmful bacteria is a group called E. coli, which is short for Escherichia coli. Most E. coli are harmless, but a strain called serotype O157:H7 can cause food poisoning in humans. Three basic shapes of bacteria exist: rounded, rod shaped, and spirals. E. coli bacteria is rod shaped. The ability for E. coli to survive for a brief period outside the body creates the potential for the bacteria to spread and infect other people. The spread of E. coli usually occurs when there is poor sanitation or when untreated sewerage is discharged from municipal wastewater treatment plants, which occasionally occurs during flood events (USEPA 2009). Adverse health effects from exposure to E. coli bacteria typically include gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, skin rashes, and neonatal meningitis (USEPA 2009).
Antibiotic Resistance
Published in Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo, Abubakar Gidado, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Medical Biotechnology, Biopharmaceutics, Forensic Science and Bioinformatics, 2022
Ifeoma M. Ezeonu, I. R. Iroha, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu
Antibiotics function by interfering with one of the processes vital to the survival of invading bacteria, such as synthesis of the cell wall, RNA synthesis, DNA synthesis or protein synthesis. Different types of antibiotics have different sites of action on the bacterial cell structure and metabolism, as shown in Table 6.1.
Microorganisms
Published in Volodymyr Ivanov, Environmental Microbiology for Engineers, 2020
Bacteria are used for the biosynthesis of useful substances in the biotechnological industry, for the production of biofertilizers, for the treatment of wastewater and soil bioremediation in environmental engineering, and for bioclogging and biocementation in civil engineering.
Apparent molar volume, compressibility, and spectroscopic studies of ionic surfactants in aqueous solutions of antibiotic gemifloxacin
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Muhammad Sohail, Hafiz Muhammad Abd ur Rahman, Muhammad Nadeem Asghar, Saadia Shoukat
Generally, antibiotics, after traversing the membrane obstacle, act against bacteria by disrupting the building mechanism of the cell wall or inhibiting the synthesis of nucleic acid, protein, or folate.[5] Antibiotics may adopt two different channels to reach their target: passive diffusion through the lipid bilayer or membrane transport proteins.[6,7] The bacterial resistance to antibiotics originates from the modifications in the membrane lipid composition that affect the entry of the antibiotics through the outer cell wall.[8] Therefore, the development of new antimicrobials capable of penetrating bacterial membranes is a challenging task in the pharmaceutical field.
A simple AI-enabled method for quantifying bacterial adhesion on dental materials
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2022
Hao Ding, Yunzhen Yang, Xin Li, Gary Shun-Pan Cheung, Jukka Pekka Matinlinna, Michael Burrow, James Kit-Hon Tsoi
Research on bacterial growth has been studied for decades. Conceptually, this is a simple process because most bacterial growth follows binary fission. Typically, bacterial growth on material in vitro follow a growth curve that includes four phases: (1) the (initial) lag phase: bacteria is maturing and metabolically active before the start of exponential growth; (2) the exponential (or log) phase: bacteria is growing at a constant rate; (3) the stationary phase: the growth rate of the bacteria is equal to the death rate due to limited nutrients; (4) and the death phase: a decrease in live bacteria due to lack of nutrients [6]. However, unlike controlled laboratory conditions, intraoral conditions such as environment, nutrients, temperature, and moisture levels are dynamic and diversified. Thus, the bacterial growth phases may coexist and overlap within the same biofilm. As such, the bacterial or biofilm growth and activity may be described more realistically as adhesion, growth, maturation and dispersion. This superimposition of phases makes it challenging when investigating the behavior of bacterial growth on materials surfaces. In fact, studying initial bacterial adhesion on the tooth or dental material surfaces [7–9] is of vital importance, because this can better understand the various types of bacterial adherence on different surfaces for anti-bacterial strategies of dental materials. Thus, the mechanisms of bacteria-material interaction and how bacteria react on different surfaces can be explored.
A review on synthesis and applications of versatile nanomaterials
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2022
G. N. Kokila, C. Mallikarjunaswamy, V. Lakshmi Ranganatha
Microorganisms can be found in different habitats like terrestrial, aquatic, atmospheric, and living hosts. Many bacteria act as pathogens that may create more medical expenses, human health issues, and affect the economy. Bacteria causes infections like strep throat, urinary tract infections, food poisoning, cellulitis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and also causes diseases like meningitis, cholera, typhoid, leprosy, plague, anthrax, tuberculosis, tetanus in human bodies. Harmful bacteria species Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus cause infections and diseases. When the bacteria are attached to any surface of devices or solid materials, numerous processes start leading to complex formation. Many layers of bacteria are formed in the glycocalyx synthesized by growing bacteria. This adhering microbial community is termed a biofilm. Bacteria are present inside the biomass; they are protected from phagocytosis and antibiotics. Therefore, it is difficult to abolish clinical treatment. Biofilms can cause mechanical blockage in fluid systems, heat transfer processes, and corrosion in metallic surfaces in industrial processes.