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Textile Cleaning and Odour Removal
Published in G. Thilagavathi, R. Rathinamoorthy, Odour in Textiles, 2022
Kirsi Laitala, Ingun Grimstad Klepp, Vilde Haugrønning
Textiles have a central part in all cultures and as a ubiquitous good, clothing is a basic need and a personal item visible in public arenas. We are all dressed in social situations and use clothing to express ourselves visually but also to protect our bodies from the external environment and to facilitate activities such as sports (Kaiser 1997, Lamb and Kallal 1992). In addition to appearance, clothes hide our bodies and can conceal, absorb, and retain the odours it emanates. Entwistle (2000) emphasizes that clothes exist as the body's boundary with the world. Clothes are seen as protecting the surroundings from the body's impurities or, conversely, as protecting the body from one's surroundings (Broby-Johansen 1953). The function of clothes includes to ensure the body is accepted in the various social situations we may encounter. Absence of body odour is an important part of this border (Klepp 2005). Cleanliness is deeply rooted in culture, associated with religion and morality, health, hygiene, and well-being (Klepp 2003, 2005, 2007). Cleaning helps to remove unwanted microorganisms and thus prevent diseases from spreading (Bloomfield and Scott 2003, Bockmühl 2017, Larson and Duarte 2001).
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, and Streptomycin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
If the concentration of drugs needed to prevent or destroy the microorganism is higher than usual usage, the medication is known to be immune to the microorganism. In certain instances, it has been found that a few microbes can generate a protein that deactivates an antibiotic or inhibits the transfer of the antibiotic to the cell. These microbes are potentially very dangerous for the human population (Mathur and Singh, 2005). Due to antibiotics being used so commonly, various microorganisms develop resistance towards them (Walsh, 2000). This is because of the inherent nature and properties of microorganisms but also because of over-prescription of antibiotics without performing appropriate testing for the infection. This prophylactic use of antibiotics in low doses causes the microbes to become resistant against antibiotics using the ability to transfer genetic material through transformation and conjugation which exhibits the development of resistance. Cross-susceptibility to a single antibiotic often results in susceptibility to certain antibiotics, typically of a specific chemical type, to which the bacteria would not have been exposed. Cross-resistance can exist; for example, in both colistin and polymyxin B, or both clindamycin and lincomycin.
Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
The economic importance of bacteria derives from the fact that bacteria are exploited by humans in several beneficial ways. Even though some bacteria play harmful roles, such as causing disease and spoiling food, the economic importance of bacteria includes both their useful and harmful aspects. Applications of microbes in industry are well known. Various microorganisms are used for commercial production of alcohols, acids, fermented foods, vitamins, medicines, enzymes, etc. One recent development in industrial microbiology has been the production of immobilized enzymes and cells for production of these chemicals at enhanced rates, with simultaneous recovery of the enzyme(s) involved in such processes. New strains of microbes have also been developed through recombinant DNA technology for overproduction of metabolites. Immobilized enzymes and cells could have their maximum application in industrial microbiology. Immobilized enzymes have also been utilized in medicine. In view of their various applications, microbes have become the most sought-after entities for various applications.
Thoracic limb activity of Simocephalus vetulus and its descendants is shaped by the combination of delafloxacin and calcium
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2023
Tan-Duc Nguyen, Tomoaki Itayama, Norio Iwami, Kazuya Shimizu, Thanh-Son Dao, Thanh Luu Pham, Hideaki Maseda
The development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms can cause difficulties in disease treatment and threaten human health. To be more effective for microbial-related disease treatment, alternative antibiotics are needed; this requires increased development of new antibiotics (Årdal et al. 2020). Since 2017, 12 new antibiotics have been produced and sold on the market (WHO 2022). However, this developmental effort does not seem to be sufficient (Cook and Wright 2022). Global consumption of antibiotics has rapidly increased in recent years, by 46% from 2000 to 2018 for human treatment (Browne et al. 2021) and by 67% from 2010 to 2030 (projected) for livestock (Van Boeckel et al. 2015). The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly contributed to the increase in antibiotic use. Sixty-eight percent of COVID-19 patients worldwide were treated with antibiotic therapies to help increase immune function in response to COVID-19 and other baseline infectious diseases during the pandemic waves (Khan et al. 2022). After treatment, antibiotics can be excreted from the human body and/or livestock and enter the natural environment because they are not easily removed by wastewater treatment plants (Yang et al. 2017). As a result, antibiotics will accumulate in the natural aquatic ecosystem and can detrimentally affect aquatic life.
Influences of Fourier and Fick's relations in stagnation point flow of Reiner-Philippoff fluid containing oxytactic-microorganisms with variable molecular diffusivity
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Tanveer Sajid, Wasim Jamshed, Faisal Shahzad, Mohamed R. Eid, Muhammad Sohail, Imran Ullah
A microorganism, sometimes known as a microbe, is a tiny creature that can survive as a single cell or as a colony of cells. Microorganisms present in the base fluid cause several diseases in the human body, animals, and plants. Sun is the greatest supply of thermal radiative fluxing. Thermal rays coming from the Sun kill microorganisms present in the fluids. Microorganisms are of various types like bacteria, protozoa, protists, etc having extensive applications in industry like the production of ethanol, biofuel, fertilizers, water treatment, etc. The movement of swimming microorganisms creates the pattern of bioconvection. Gyrotaxis explains the motion of microorganisms under the effect of balance between the viscous and gravitational movement of the microorganisms. Gyrotaxis microorganisms have distinguished applications in biology and biotechnological sciences. Researchers from all around the world have attempted to investigate how gyrotactic bacteria affect fluid flow. The effect of radiation and bacteria swimming under the effect of gyration on fluid over an elastic medium was discussed by Chamkha et al. [20].
Co-occurence of antibiotics and micro(nano)plastics: a systematic review between 2016-2021
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
While antibiotics can upgrade life for some living-systems life, they also can have adverse effects. It is likely that global antibiotic consumption has increased due to the increasing human population and the increasing demand for animal protein.[18] Moreover, due to their overuse and misuse, the high consumption of antibiotics can cause other serious problems including antibiotic resistance and pollution of the environment. Antibiotic resistance is when harmful microorganisms develop the ability to survive and be viable even after treatment by antibiotics.[19] This situation also causes the development of new modified strains, and thus decreases the effectiveness of the treatment and causes morbidity and clinical complications to increase. Therefore, resistance to the antibiotics is also considered a major issue for human health and environment.[19] At the same time, releasing antibiotics into the environment is another issue and can influence the routine processes of biological and chemical reactions in many parts of the environmental. Therefore, all these issues related antibiotics are another priority for the scientific world.