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Infection and Disease Transmission
Published in AnnaMarie Bliss, Dak Kopec, Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 2023
Pathogens can transfer from person to person through the air we breathe, directly from person to person through the transfer of bodily fluids, or through contact with an intermediary source. Intermediary objects, also called fomites, occur when a person comes into contact with an object, such as a door handle, that has been contaminated by another infected person. Intermediary organisms, also called vectors are living intermediaries that can transfer pathogens from one person to another.
Introduction to Nanosensors
Published in Vinod Kumar Khanna, Nanosensors, 2021
Bacteria and viruses are clearly distinguishable. (i) Viruses are the smallest and simplest life form known. They are 10–100 times smaller than bacteria. (ii) All viruses are parasitic and must have a living host, like a bacterium, plant or animal, in which to multiply, whereas, though some bacteria are parasitic, causing disease (pathogenic bacteria), most bacteria obtain their food from dead tissue or by consuming other micro-organisms. (iii) Bacteria are living organisms, whereas viruses are not, needing their hosts to carry out viral functions such as growth and reproduction. (iv) Some bacteria are useful but all viruses are harmful. (v) Antibiotics can kill bacteria but not viruses. (vi) An example of a disease caused by bacteria is strep throat, whereas a human viral disease is influenza (the flu).
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, and Streptomycin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Antibiotics can eliminate or inhibit the growth of other pathogenic microorganisms and are used in the treatment of external or internal infections. Although certain antibiotics are developed by microorganisms, most of them are now formulated synthetically. Antibiotic misuse, also referred to as antibiotic neglect or overuse of antibiotics, is a severe concern. Misuse or overuse of antibiotics creates severe health effects. This leads to the development of multidrug-resistant bacteria, which can have tolerance to several antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections. Therefore, awareness is important in order to avoid unnecessary use of antibiotics.
Efficient Prediction of Blast Disease in Paddy Plant using Optimized Support Vector Machine
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Ratnesh Kumar Dubey, Dilip Kumar Choubey
For economic development, agriculture is one of the most important industries. Agriculture plays an important role in every person’s life. In ancient times, people cultivated crops on their land to meet their needs [1,2]. Now the agricultural sector is strengthened with the needs of the public as technology advances. With rapid population growth, these innovations are increasingly needed to meet the needs of each individual. Producing crops that cover a variety of factors such as soil type, temperature and humidity can be a daunting task [3,4]. Many factors cause plants to manifest poor malignancy, changes in appearance, or death. There are two main causes of disease in plants: pathogens and environmental conditions. The organisms that cause diseases are called pathogens. Crop diseases are considered a natural part of nature. Moreover, it is one of the many different environmental factors that help keep hundreds of thousands of species and animals in balance with each other. Crop disease attacks affect crop production and are also a major problem in crop production. These reduces food production and quality [1,5].
Is the pandemic masking waste management? – A review on fallout of the COVID-19 viral contagion
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2023
Mahesh Ganesapillai, Aditya Tiwari, Rishabh Mehta, Aritro Sinha, Ishita Sarkar, Bidisha Mondal, Vijayalakshmi Chellappa, Amritbir Riar
Generally, pathogens are transmitted by droplets, aerosols, direct contact, or from infected surfaces (Figure 3). Sommerstein et al., (45) revealed the deposition of particles less than 10 microns – these particles were found to be respirable and can potentially reach the lower respiratory tract, whereas 10–100 microns of particles potentially remained in the upper respiratory tract. Smaller droplets evaporate rapidly and have little time to generate aerosols, whereas bigger droplets settle faster without evaporating and immediately contaminate the surrounding area. The pathogens lead to respiratory issues, low haemoglobin, and fewer RBCs and are incompetent outside the host but can tolerate extreme weather and consume host organic materials. Droplets and aerosols can be released when talking, coughing, inhaling, or sneezing and can fall onto surfaces, polluting them, or diffuse in the air and travel a distance. Aerosolized particles can also bind with air contaminants and disperse further. This endangers healthcare facility cleaners and garbage collectors and can be a source of contamination (46).
Ethical Challenges Associated with Pathogen and Host Genetics in Infectious Disease
Published in The New Bioethics, 2023
Richard Milne, Christine Patch
Targeted laboratory assays can allow the confirmation of diagnosis, the tracking of infection chains and the identification of pathogen variants. They may be of less value, however, in the case of previously unknown pathogens or those that were not included in original testing algorithms. As a result, it has been argued that genomic surveillance can be improved by the use of methods that are pathogen-agnostic. Such metagenomics approaches involve the sequencing and analysis of all nucleic acids found in a sample. This may arise as the result of a wide pursuit of information about pathogens, or even where the initial focus of sample collection was for the analysis of the human/host genome. The most significant recent implementation of a metagenomic approach was in the identification of SARS-Cov2 in Wuhan in late 2019. The existence of the novel coronavirus was established by Zhu et al. (2020) using high throughput sequencing of bronchoalveolar fluid samples from patients with the novel respiratory disease. However, metagenomics has a potential range of applications in public health and clinical microbiology (Chiu and Miller 2019).