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COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
COVID-19 outbreaks have caused significant global morbidity and mortality; to mitigate the escalating burden of COVID-19, vaccine development has occurred at an unprecedented pace (101). The main aim behind the development of a COVID-19 vaccine was to bring a halt to the current pandemic situation and attain broad protective immunity in the population so as to achieve herd immunity, which can ultimately stop the transmission of the pathogen and control the global public health crisis. It is essential to achieve herd immunity through vaccination globally in order to prevent SARS-CoV-2 from continuing to mutate, becoming more resistant to current vaccines, and causing more periods of mass fatality. Vaccines train our immune system to recognize the targeted virus and create antibodies to fight off the disease without getting the disease itself. After vaccination, the body is ready to fight the virus if it is later exposed to it, thereby preventing serious illness, hospitalizations, and deaths. Thus, COVID-19 vaccination can have a substantial impact on mitigating outbreaks and may be the best hope for ending the pandemic by getting back to a normal way of life.
Vaccines, Hepatitis B and Insulin Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
A vaccine is an antigenic preparation used to produce active immunity to a disease, in order to prevent or reduce the effects of infection by any natural or ‘wild’ pathogen (Wittmann and Liao, 2016). Different types of vaccine are available: 1) Inactivated; 2) Attenuated; 3) Toxoid; 4) Subunit; 5) Conjugate (Figure 13.1).
Medical Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a specific disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe. The agent stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and “remember” it so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. Sometime during the 1770s, Edward Jenner heard a milkmaid boast that she would never have the often-fatal or disfiguring disease smallpox because she had already had cowpox, which has a very mild effect in humans. In 1796, Jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox, inoculated an 8-year-old boy with it, and 6 weeks later, variolated the boy’s arm with smallpox, afterward observing that the boy did not catch smallpox. Vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation.
Crispr biosensing and Ai driven tools for detection and prediction of Covid-19
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Abdullahi Umar Ibrahim, Pwadubashiyi Coston Pwavodi, Mehmet Ozsoz, Fadi Al-Turjman, Tirah Galaya, Joy Johnson Agbo
This call for need of vaccination has shown to be effective in controlling outbreaks such as polio. Vaccines work by preparing host body’s natural defences (immune system) to identify and counter-targeted viruses and bacteria. As of mid-February 2021, there are at least seven developed vaccines used globally. Concurrently, there are over 200 additional COVID-19 vaccines candidate in development and undergoing clinical trials. However, COVAX is the most popular one, which is endorsed by WHO (WHO COVID-19 Vaccines, 2021). Prior to the launching of COVAX, Russia is the first country to approve COVID-19 vaccines in August, 2020, which is developed by Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Moscow, Russia). The vaccine has faced many criticisms from scientist all over the world due to its premature approval (Burki, 2020).
An update on COVID-19: SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, immunopathology, and BCG vaccination
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2021
Shankar M. Khade, Shivraj M. Yabaji, Jyoti Srivastava
The vaccine basically raises immune response and make the immune system ready to recognize and kill the virus when it encounters it. Currently, there is no potential vaccine or treatment available for SAR-CoV-2 and scientists around the world are working to investigate pathogenesis and treatment possibilities including the development of a potential vaccine. The different components of virus have used for vaccine development including live attenuated virus, inactivated virus, nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), protein subunits and viral vector (replicating and non-replicating). Currently, various clinical trials are under process either of phase I or II including, Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute/Acellena Contract Drug Research and Development)and under the process of phase II or III are Covaxin (Bharat Biotech/National Institute of Virology), NCT04324606 (University of Oxford/AstraZeneca), NCT04352608 (Sinovac), ChiCTR2000031809 (Beijing Institute of Biological sciences/Wuhan Institute of Biological Sciences), ChiCTR2000030906 and ChiCTR2000031781 (CanSino Biologics), BNT162 (BioNTech/Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (Moderna/NIAID).[67]