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Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, James Chukwuma Ogbonna, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olawole O. Obembe, Ifeoma Maureen Ezeonu, Abdulrazak B. Ibrahim, Benjamin Ewa Ubi, Microbiomes and Emerging Applications, 2022
Olawole O. Obembe, Nwadiuto (Diuto) Esiobu, O. S. Aworunse, Nneka R. Agbakoba
Autoimmune disorders are those diseases whereby an individual’s immune system attacks self‐tissues. In an autoimmune disease, the immune system does not recognize self-cells, which it sees as foreign, and so releases autoantibodies that attack the healthy cells. Apart from aberrant autoantibodies production, genetic, immunologic, and environmental factors also play contributory roles in autoimmune diseases. A significant function of the gut microbiota is the maintenance of homeostasis of the human immune system, and so, any dysbiosis in the gut can adversely affect the host. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, which can come in the form of excessive growth of potentially pathogenic organisms, loss of beneficial organisms, or the entire loss of microbial diversity, can induce autoimmune disease in people (De Gruttola et al., 2016). Several autoimmune diseases are known, and some of them include type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and inflammatory bowel disease.
The Current State of Non-Viral Vector–Based mRNA Medicine Using Various Nanotechnology Applications
Published in Yashwant V. Pathak, Gene Delivery Systems, 2022
Kshama Patel, Preetam Dasika, Yashwant V. Pathak
Immunotherapy is a type of biological therapy that aims to control the degree to which the immune system will function to fight numerous diseases. The response speed and efficacy of the immune system depend heavily on the novelty of a foreign invader to the body, as well as the information stored in memory cells regarding an invader to the body.13 The immune system is composed of three main parts: physicochemical barriers (skin, hair, saliva, stomach acid), non-specific innate responses (broad trigger response of white blood cells to a plethora of pathogens), and specific adaptive responses where the body learns or remembers the specific pathogen and generates antibodies with the help of B-cells, which later store information for the next attack from the same pathogen.13 mRNA immunotherapy is taking place in the world today through mRNA coronavirus vaccines which stimulate the immune system into a higher active state. Besides the nanostructures of liposomes, the enzyme known CRISPR-CAS13a plays an important role through its outlier function of targeting RNA exclusively instead of DNA.14 Cas13a is also able to cleave and bind sites through an interference system which disrupts only the expression of a gene, instead of cutting out entire portions of the genomic sequence like Cas-9 does.15 This would potentially make it a safer alternative, but it still requites a clinical trial period.
The WELL® Building Standard
Published in Traci Rose Rider, Margaret van Bakergem, Building for Well-Being, 2021
Traci Rose Rider, Margaret van Bakergem
Simply put, the endocrine system is the system responsible for hormones, which regulate a whole host of body processes including reproduction, growth, immunity, metabolism, and more. Chronic health conditions associated with the endocrine system include diabetes, Hashimoto’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and more. Impact factors for the endocrine system include stress (as usual), environmental toxins, and nourishment. The immune system is another vastly complex system that helps to keep the body well-balanced – as they all do. This system is easily impacted by common stressors such as sleep, hygiene, diet, and stress. Harvard Medical School identified several ways to support your immune system including not smoking, eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables, exercising regularly to maintain a healthy weight, getting adequate sleep, washing hands frequently, minimizing stress, and more. Many of these can be impacted by the built environment and workplace policies in some way, either in the actual physical environment design and construction, the operation of the buildings over time, or in workplace policies that seek to support the holistic health of the building occupants.
Exposure of Akwesasne Mohawk women to polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene is associated with increased serum levels of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2023
Florence Lee, Mia V. Gallo, Lawrence M. Schell, Julia Jennings, David A. Lawrence, Akwesasne Task Force On the Environment
Autoimmune diseases might affect multiple systems within the body and represent a range of disorders in which the immune system might harm healthy organs and cells. Autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) occurs when there is aberrant immune activity, leading to dysregulation of the thyroid gland (Antonelli et al. 2015; Kyritsi and Kanaka-Gantenbein 2020; Lee et al. 2015; Weetman 2021). While the cause of AITD is unknown, it is postulated that the onset of AITD is associated with genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures that could become catalysts in disease development (Lee and Lawrence 2018; Tomer and Huber 2009). While twin studies showed that a portion of AITD is related to genetic predisposition (Hansen et al. 2006; Ringold et al. 2002), environmental exposure may help explain up to 30% of AITD incidence (Benvenga et al. 2020; Brent 2010; Colucci et al. 2015; Ferrari et al. 2017).
Hybrid Cuckoo Search with Clonal Selection for Triclustering Gene Expression Data of Breast Cancer
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
P. Swathypriyadharsini, K. Premalatha
The immune system is a group of cells, tissues, and organs that function together to defend the body against foreign invaders [21]. Clonal selection depicts how antibodies behave and what they can do in the acquired immune system [22]. Clonal selection algorithm is a form of artificial immune system inspired by the clonal selection theory, which describes how B and T lymphocytes enhance their response to antigens over time, a process known as affinity maturation [23]. This algorithm concentrates on the Darwinian theory, such as selection being influenced by antigen–antibody affinity, replication by cell division, and variation by somatic hypermutation [23]. The main features of Clonal Selection Algorithm are The number of clones, which is proportional to the antibody’s affinity with respect to the antigens;The rate of mutation, which is inversely proportional to affinity
Intelligent solution predictive networks for non-linear tumor-immune delayed model
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Nabeela Anwar, Iftikhar Ahmad, Adiqa Kausar Kiani, Muhammad Shoaib, Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja
The immunologic helps in the fighting against cancer cells as the body’s natural defensive system. Nowadays, one of the most essential aspects of cancer cellular biology is how the body’s immune system reacts to the progression of cancer (de Pillis et al. 2006). Despite medical advancements, there are still significant problems in the diagnosis and treatments of cancer disease that have prevailed for the past 20 years. Our immune system is made up of several types of lymphoid tissues, cytokines and cells that protect our bodies from various infections and foreign pathogens, particularly cancer cells. Immune effector cells include B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, macrophages and natural killer cells (Eskandari et al. 2022). When the body’s immune system detects cancer cells, our immune system reacts. The immune system usually identified the cancer cells but the response of the immune system may be inefficient and unable to target tumor cells. The existence of cancer cells stimulates the development of effective cells. Cancer cells as well as effective cells are the primary predators in our bodies. Interleukin-2 is a cytokine produced by CD4 + T lymphocytes that encourages immune cell proliferation to defeat more malignant cells (Eskandari et al. 2022; Saifullah et al. 2022).