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Emergency Department Design in Response to Pandemics
Published in AnnaMarie Bliss, Dak Kopec, Architectural Factors for Infection and Disease Control, 2023
Infectious diseases can be transmitted through the air, large droplets, or direct contact with patients. Prevention of infectious microorganism transmission within ED requires safety measures at the time of patients’ presentation (Siegel et al., 2007). Controlling access is the most effective way to manage patients on arrival. The SLR also revealed the importance of having a dedicated point-of-care testing service in the screening station for identifying infected patients from suspected patients. Screening patients outside the regular ED treatment area can reduce the risk of spreading infection into the main ED. It can be achieved through either outdoor temporary structures or a dedicated fever screening area within ED. The majority of the studies (13 out of 18) included in the SLR relied on temporary structures for screening patients. Most current solutions on triaging (6 out of 8) also focused on using outdoor temporary structures.
General Thermography
Published in James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead, Human Medical Thermography, 2023
James Stewart Campbell, M. Nathaniel Mead
Sinusitis is an inflammation of the mucosa of one or more of the paranasal sinuses. Acute sinusitis lasts up to four weeks and is almost always of viral or allergic origin; it may develop into chronic bacterial sinusitis, which typically lasts at least 12 consecutive weeks and may persist for years. The disease progresses in the following manner: The ostium of the sinus becomes obstructed from mucosal swelling due to a virus or allergy. The air within the sinus is then absorbed by the mucosal surface, creating a painful negative pressure in the sinus. If the ostium is not reopened, a transudate fluid begins to fill the cavity, providing a medium for bacterial growth. The bacteria attract an exudate of white blood cells and serum, which creates a painful (and dangerous) positive pressure within the sinus.72 Bacterial sinusitis is not a benign disease. Serious complications may arise such as periorbital infections, meningitis, and brain abscess.73
Recent Advances in Materials Science and Engineering Contributing to the Infection Diseases
Published in Peerawatt Nunthavarawong, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Suchart Siengchin, Mathew Thoppil-Mathew, Antimicrobial and Antiviral Materials, 2022
Sabarish Radoor, Aswathy Jayakumar, Jasila Karayil, Jyothi Mannekote Shivanna, Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai, Suchart Siengchin
Pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi are mainly responsible for causing infectious diseases. Infectious diseases can transmit either directly or indirectly and, in most cases, are contagious. For instance, flu, chickenpox, AIDS, etc. are contagious and termed the global killer. Recently, COVID-19, a highly infectious disease caused by the corona virus, has shaken the entire world. In a short period, nearly 40 lakhs of people have lost their life due to COVID. The antiviral drug has been employed to treat infectious diseases: however, many bacterial and viral strains become resistant to the drug and increase mortality. Also, Some pathogens (for example corona) show genetic variation over time, and finding an appropriate drug for such a disease is a tedious job. Hence, it is high time to find novel materials that have the efficiency to curb infectious diseases. Nanomaterials possess excellent antibacterial properties. The antibacterial property of the nanomaterials could be tuned by varying their size and structure. Metal nanoparticles have been successfully employed to destroy disease-causing bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus [1—3].
Microbiology in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2020
Frederick J. Passman, Peter Küenzi
Infections occur when pathogenic microorganisms gain entry into the body, proliferate, and cause an immune system response. To date, there are no indications that infections are common when working with MWFs, because “there is no evidence that the incidence of infectious disease at metalworking plants differs from that of the general population” (31), p 256. Passman hypothesized that machinists are similar to sewage treatment workers and schoolteachers. Because they are exposed to novel bioaerosols and microbes, new workers experience a period of frequent colds, gastroenteritis attacks, and other minor types of infectious disease. Within a short period—3 to 6 months—these new workers are no longer susceptible to the diseases that discomfited them initially. Once workers have become acclimated to the microbes to which they are routinely exposed, disease rates of metalworking facility personnel become indistinguishable from those among unexposed populations.
Risk management of free radicals involved in air travel syndromes by antioxidants
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2018
The contamination of air or food by microorganisms is a major source of infections among air travelers (Eberhart-Phillips et al. 1996; Hedberg et al. 1992; Steffen et al. 1990). Infectious diseases associated with air or cruise ship travel include cholera, shigellosis, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), malaria, measles, pneumonia, legionellosis, influenza, and Ebola (Laganà, Gambuzza, and Delia 2017; Luna et al. 2007). Recently, dengue virus was dispersed internationally via air travel, particularly in Europe (Semenza et al. 2014). In some cases, these infections are contagious, rapid, emergent, serious, and occasionally fatal. Therefore, an emergent care system for aircraft passengers is needed. Thus, required routine screening for infectious diseases at international airports before and after takeoff needs to be considered. Global efforts are needed to prevent international spread of infectious diseases among travelers before, during, and after flights. In some cases, vaccination is highly recommended for international travelers, and some countries may require proof of vaccination from individuals arriving from infectious disease-endemic countries.
Measures to prevent and control the spread of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection in tourism locations
Published in SICE Journal of Control, Measurement, and System Integration, 2022
Hideyuki Nagai, Setsuya Kurahashi
This infection ratio ir is applied to every contact between active agents in their daily life shown in Figure 3: several times in one day. Based on reports of detailed analyses of the infection prevalence of COVID-19 [24,25], the following process of the progress of symptoms is defined. The incubation period is 5 days following infection, but the person can infect others by the third day even during this period. On the sixth day, when the incubation period has ended, symptoms such as fever, coughing, and diarrhoea occur in most infected people. After the fever, the basic scenario includes a 50% probability of home isolation after visiting a doctor. This probability of visiting a doctor is set to 50% because the number of symptomatic infected people is drastically lower than the actual number of infected people including asymptomatic carriers. The remaining 50% of infected people are either essentially asymptomatic or have minor symptoms, so they continue to go to work or school while self-medicating with febrifuges, etc. After the symptoms have continued for 4 days or more, infected people see a doctor and undergo a PCR test. The results are confirmed the following day, leading to hospitalization if the results are positive. Further, 20 days after infection, 20% of infected people become seriously ill and are hospitalized even without having seen a doctor in advance. Also, by 41 days after infection of those hospitalized with serious symptoms, fatalities comprise 0.06% of young people, 0.21% of adults, and 1.79% of the elderly. These fatalities rate is just applied to infected patients. The mildly ill recover by 27 days after infection and the surviving seriously ill by 49 days after infection, achieving temporary immunity. The simulation stops after all infected agents have recovered or 365 days (one year) have passed.