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The Science of Air Pollution
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Benzoylmethylecgonine or cocaine is a stimulant affecting the central nervous system and also acts as an appetite suppressant. Antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacteria. Sildenafil citrate is an arterial stimulant that was originally intended to treat high blood pressure (Barnes et al. 2008). Testosterone is a male sex hormone—an anabolic steroid—and affects the growth of muscle mass. Other emerging contaminants of note include a group of compounds called perchlorates and the compound 1,4-Dioxane. Perchlorates are colorless and odorless salts. They are a group of compounds including: Magnesium perchlorate (MgClO4)Potassium perchlorate (KClO4)Ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4)Sodium perchlorate (NaClO4)Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4)
Animal Connection Challenges
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
Viral infections can cause disease in humans, animals and even plants. However, they are usually eliminated by the immune system, often (but not always) conferring lifetime immunity to the host for that virus. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, but some antiviral drugs have been developed to treat certain life-threatening infections. Vaccines that produce immunity for a limited period of time (months, years, even a lifetime) can prevent some viral infections. A vaccine is providing active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. It typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body’s immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, to destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. Vaccines can be either prophylactic (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by a natural or “wild” pathogen), or therapeutic (to fight a disease, such as cancer).
Airborne Contagious Disease
Published in Harriet A. Burge, Bioaerosols, 2020
Antibiotics are largely ineffective against viral agents, and immunization can also be relatively ineffective, often because the disease is caused by a number of different agents (e.g., the common cold) or because the agents change enough over time to render previous immunization ineffective (e.g., influenza; Stuart-Harris, 1981). In addition, we now have a group of people who cannot be immunized, and who are extremely susceptible to infectious agents: patients with AIDS, and immunosuppressed transplant patients. For them, prevention of exposure is the only recourse.
Controlling factors and toxicokinetic modeling of antibiotics bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Minghua Zhu, Jingwen Chen, Willie J. G. M. Peijnenburg, Huaijun Xie, Zhongyu Wang, Shuying Zhang
Antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms, or compounds entirely synthesized or semi-synthesized by human beings that can kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth or metabolic activity (Kümmerer, 2009). Since the discovery of penicillin, more than 250 antibiotics have been extensively used in human medicine, animal husbandry, and aquaculture, to treat and prevent bacterial infections or to promote animal growth (Kovalakova et al., 2020). The antibiotics may be divided into different categories by their chemical structures, such as quinolones, sulfonamides, macrolides, tetracyclines, amphenicols, β-lactams, nitrofurans, and others (Liu et al., 2017a; Ribeiro et al., 2018; Van Boeckel et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2015). Commonly used antibiotics with their CAS numbers, molecular formulas, molecular weights, octanol-water partition coefficients (logKOW), and dissociation constants (pKa), are listed in Table 1.
Membrane separation of antibiotics predicted with the back propagation neural network
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Mixuan Ye, Haidong Zhou, Xinxuan Xu, Lidan Pang, Yunjia Xu, Jingyuan Zhang, Danyan Li
There are four main categories of antibiotics, that is, tetracyclines, macrolides, sulfonamides, and quinolones. Tetracycline (TC), azithromycin (AZM), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were selected as the representatives of the four categories, respectively (Table A1). In the process of removing pollutants, the membrane separation technology not only relies on the steric hindrance effect but also adsorbs substances through processes such as charge neutralization and hydrophilicity to achieve the removal effect. Due to the different hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of these four antibiotics and the different charge interaction with the membrane, the removal effect of membrane separation on them will also be different.[8,15,25] The main purposes of this study were, therefore, to develop BPNN models for membrane separation of the 4 antibiotics and to predict the performances of membrane separation. The input variables of BPNN models included initial antibiotic concentration, operating pressure, pH, running temperature, membrane pore size, filtration time, humic substances, conductivity, salinity, and so on, and the antibiotic concentrations in the permeate after membrane separation were as the output variables. BP algorithm was then adopted to establish a mathematical relationship between input and output variables. Besides, the prediction of the BPNN models was compared with that of the traditional nonlinear regression models.
Synergistic effect of ZnO nanoparticles and hesperidin on the antibacterial properties of chitosan
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2022
Ibrahim Erol, Ömer Hazman, Mecit Aksu, Emine Bulut
Antibiotics are generally used in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, overuse of antibiotics also inevitably leads to drug resistance. For these reasons, the development of a multifunctional nanomaterial structure that will not cause drug resistance will be promising for the future. There are studies on this subject in the literature [33,34]. Kurtuldu et al. [33] investigated the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles by adding cerium (Ce) with two different methods in drug-free applications. They reported that these Ce-containing nanoparticles reduced nitric oxide release, which response to the anti-inflammatory effects of macrophage cells, and also showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In another study, Zhang et al. [34] developed injectable supramolecular hydrogels with self-healing properties with photo-thermal and conductive antibacterial activity on skin regeneration. They found that these structures have highly antibacterial properties, especially against E. coli (gram negative), S. aureus (gram-positive) and multidrug.