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Validation of Chlorine Dioxide Sterilization
Published in James Agalloco, Phil DeSantis, Anthony Grilli, Anthony Pavell, Handbook of Validation in Pharmaceutical Processes, 2021
Mark A. Czarneski, Paul Lorchiem
Phenolic compounds are easily oxidized by chlorine dioxide56, and it has been used to reduce the toxicity of chlorinated phenolic compounds.57 Chlorine dioxide has also been shown to denature proteins58,59 and has shown good results in inactivating beta-lactams from pharmaceutical production facilities.60,61 This ability is significant because buildings that produce beta lactams cannot be used to produce other non-beta lactam products. The residues from beta lactams remain in a facility for long periods and can cause allergic reactions. Anaphylactic reactions to penicillin can be fatal. Beta lactam allergic reactions are the most common cause of adverse drug reactions mediated by specific immunological mechanisms.62 The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states that 3%–10% of adults in the United States have had an allergic reaction to penicillin.63 In other studies, chlorine dioxide has shown promising results in endotoxin reduction on various surfaces (304 and 316 stainless steel and titanium [anodized and un-anodized]).64
Cheminformatics—The promising future: Managing change of approach through ICT emerging technology
Published in A. K. Haghi, Lionello Pogliani, Devrim Balköse, Omari V. Mukbaniani, Andrew G. Mercader, Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 2017
The main purpose of cheminformatics is to preserve and allow access to tons of data and information that are related to chemistry; moreover, integrating information needed on specific tasks or studies. Another purpose is to aid in the discovery of new drugs. Possible use of information technology is to plan intelligently and to automate the processes associated with chemical synthesis of components of the treatment is a very exciting prospect for chemists and biochemists. One example of the most successful drug discoveries is penicillin. Penicillin is a group of β-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria, usually Gram-positive manifold. The way to discover and develop drugs is the result of chance, observation, and many intensive and slow chemical processes. Until some time ago, drug design is considered labor intensive, and the test process always failed.6–11
A Shifting Paradigm of a Chemistry Methods Approach: Cheminformatics
Published in Alexander V. Vakhrushev, Omari V. Mukbaniani, Heru Susanto, Chemical Technology and Informatics in Chemistry with Applications, 2019
Heru Susanto, Ching Kang Chen, Teuku Beuna Bardant, Arief Amier Rahman Setiawan
Possible use of information technology is to plan intelligently and to automate the processes associated with chemical synthesis of components of the treatment in a very exciting prospect for chemists and biochemists. One example of the most successful drug discoveries is penicillin. Penicillin is a group of β-lactam antibiotic used in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by bacteria, usually Gram-positive manifold. The way to discover and develop drugs is the result of chance, observation, and many intensive and slow chemical processes. Until some time ago, drug design was considered labor-intensive, and the test process always failed.
Overview of methodologies for the culturing, recovery and detection of Campylobacter
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Marcela Soto-Beltrán, Bertram G. Lee, Bianca A. Amézquita-López, Beatriz Quiñones
Broad spectrum tetracycline and beta-lactams have been used for treating gastrointestinal infections. Resistance to tetracycline in Campylobacter is moderate to high and is generally mediated by the tet(O) gene, commonly found on the pTet plasmid but also on a genomic island. Beta-Lactam antibiotics act by binding to penicillin-binding proteins and disrupting peptidoglycan cross-linking during cell wall synthesis. Resistance through beta-lactamase, blaOXA-61, is widespread in C. jejuni and C. coli. The Campylobacter multidrug efflux pump CmeABC has also worked synergistically to provide resistance to beta-lactams as well as tetracyclines, macrolides and fluoroquinolones (Whitehouse et al. 2018). Campylobacter infections that are resistant to less toxic antibiotics may be treated with aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin (Fair and Tor 2014). Aminoglycosides bind to prokaryotic ribosomes impairing protein synthesis, and over 24 genes, encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, have been identified in Campylobacter. A gene cluster aadE-sat4-aphA-3 confers multidrug resistance including aminoglycosides and has been found in C. jejuni and C. coli, recovered from food and human. This gene cluster has been detected on a plasmid and integrated in the chromosome (Zhao et al. 2016). Finally, an intrinsic resistance in some C. jejuni and C. coli isolates has been described against penicillin, older cephalosporins, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, rifampicin, and vancomycin (Fitzgerald et al. 2008).
Prevention of prosthetic joint infection/surgical site infection: what did the International Consensus Meeting decide?
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Farideh Najafi, Neusha Hollingsworth, Nicholas V Peterson, Javad Parvizi
The issue of perioperative antibiotics was also discussed thoroughly. It was agreed that administration of first-generation cephalosporins, such as cefazolin, within 30 minutes of surgical incision was a critical strategy for prevention of SSI/PJI [2–5]. The administration of cephalosporin to patients with non-anaphylactic penicillin allergy was also deemed to be appropriate. For patients with anaphylactic penicillin or cephalosporin allergies, vancomycin, teicoplanin, or clindamycin were thought to be appropriate substitutions [2]. Administration of vancomycin or teicoplanin, in addition to cephalosporin, was deemed to be appropriate for patients who are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers, institutionalized patients (nursing home patients and those undergoing dialysis), healthcare workers, and those with recent MRSA infections [2]. It is stated that all antibiotics should be administered on a weight-based dosage [2,6]. It was recommended that a minimum of 2 g of cefazolin be used for patients >70 kg to achieve the minimum inhibitory concentration [2,6].
Amoxicillin removal from water by adsorption on activated carbon of mineral sources: discussion of experimental data, mechanisms and modeling
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Natália Dolfini, Caroline Maria Bezerra de Araujo, Nehemias Curvelo Pereira
Amoxicillin is a widely used antibiotic because it is a semi-synthetic drug, present in neutral or amphoteric form in the pH range from 3 to 7 and which acts by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. This is a drug widely used to treat different bacteria, such as Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Pneumococci e Streptococci, which are the agents that cause pneumonia, generalized bloodstream infection, meningitis, gonorrhea, gastroenteritis, urinary tract infections, among other diseases [7,8]. The β-lactam ring is common to antibiotics of the penicillin, cephalosporin, carbapenem and monobactam group. Nonetheless, amoxicillin is highly absorbed by oral administration when compared to other β-lactam antibiotics. According to Fazelirad et al. [9] that is attributed to the presence of the phenol group in its structure.