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Essential Oils
Published in Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul, Microbial Biofilms, 2020
Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan, Mohd Musheer Altaf
The prominent antifungal agents being used in clinical settings are categorized into four main classes: azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, and pyrimidine analogues (5-fluorocytosine). Additionally, allylamines are regularly used against superficial fungal infections (Gupta et al. 2017). However, the existing antimicrobial treatments are capable to deal with various forms of fungal diseases, but the drug toxicity and development of drug resistance have challenged the current armamentarium of antifungals. The increase in resistance against azoles and echinocandins and cross-resistance to at least 2 antifungal classes, i.e., multi-drug resistance are worrying trends, mainly in large tertiary and oncology hospitals. Many workers have witnessed increased antifungal resistance and multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Candida spp. (Farmakiotis and Kontoyiannis 2017). In addition, azole resistance in Aspergillus spp. has been described globally, and such resistant strains can produce invasive infections with high mortality rates (Verweij et al. 2016). Moreover, existing antimicrobial treatments are commonly associated with therapeutic failure due to the formation of drug-tolerant biofilms (Davies 2003; Morace et al. 2014; Van Acker et al. 2014; Muzny and Schwebke 2015).
Terpenoids Against Infectious Diseases
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sanhita Ghosh, Kamalika Roy, Chiranjib Pal
Various essential oils have been used for their antifungal effects. The main components of these oils are the mono and sesquiterpenoids that exert the antifungal effects (Astani and Schnitzler 2014). According to a study, thymol and carvacrol were found to effectively inhibit fungal growth in a dose-dependent manner, they were tested against Cladosporium spp., Botrytis cinerea and several other foodborne pathogens (Abbaszadeh et al. 2014). Carvacrol was also found to inhibit spore germinations of Botrytis cinerea (Martinez-Romero et al. 2007). Eugenol was also found to inhibit Cladosporium spp. growth. The mechanism for this antifungal action of eugenol was suggested to be a disturbance in the cytoplasmic membrane, disrupting the proton motive force, electron flow, active transport and coagulation of the cell contents (Davidson and Taylor 2007). In the same study, menthol proved to be the most effective antifungal agent, capable of inhibiting growth of pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum. Menthol perturbed the lipid fraction of the plasma membrane, resulting in alterations of membrane permeability and in leakage of intracellular materials (Trombetta et al. 2005).
Antimicrobial Activity of Nanotechnological Products
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Leonardo Quintana Soares Lopes, MÁrcia Ebling De Souza, Rodrigo De Almeida Vaucher, Roberto Christ Vianna Santos
Antifungal drugs are considerably fewer in number because of emergence of newer pathogenic fungi causing deep-seated mycosis. Clinically used major groups of antifungal agents are polyene antibiotics, azole derivatives, allylamines-thiocarbamates, morpholines and miscellaneous compounds such as 5-fluorocytosine and griseofulvin. Polyenes and azoles are most commonly used. Polyene antifungal agents used for the treatment of human diseases are amphotericin B (AmB) nystatin and natamycin. The only parenteral preparation with broad range of antifungal activity is AmB. Over the past several years, augmented efforts in both basic and clinical antifungal pharmacology have resulted in a number of exclusively new, reengineered or reconsidered compounds, which are at various stages of preclinical and early clinical development (Georgopapadakou and Walsh, 1996; Hay, 1994; Maesaki, 2002).
Chemical composition, antifungal activity, antifungal mechanism and interaction manner of the fatty acid of Prunus mahaleb L. with fluconazole
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Elif Ayşe Erdogan Eliuz, Erdal Yabalak, Gülden Gökşen, Deniz Ayas
Many Candida species such as Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis cause nosocomial bloodstream infections with high morbidity and mortality rates. Antifungals such as fluconazole, amphotericin B and azoles are used in the treatment of diseases from Candida. Furthermore, several studies have shown that herbal drugs used in the treatment of fungal diseases blocked the spread of Candida types (Diekema et al. 2002; Gudlaugsson et al. 2003; Ostrosky-Zeichner et al. 2003; Wisplinghoff et al. 2004; Özçelik et al. 2012). Before the 1990s, Candida albicans, recognized among Candida’s as a significant cause of infection at the hospital, made up 70–80% of the Candida isolates recovered from infected patients (Banerjee et al. 1991; Fidel et al. 1999). It is a commensal fungus of the human oral cavity and one of the major causes of mucosal infection and systemic infection in the gastrointestinal tract (Casalinuovo et al. 2004). Nevertheless, infections have been observed to increase in the past two decades due to non-albicans species (Fidel et al. 1999; Miguel et al. 2005). Another common cause of candidiasis is C. parapsilosis. It has some infectious properties that reported about the formation of biofilms on plastic surfaces and selective adherence to prosthetic materials (Branchini et al. 1994; Pfaller 1995), colonization on human hands (Bonassoli et al. 2005), extracellular protease secretion (Merkerová et al. 2006) and resistance to drugs (Van Asbeck et al. 2009). Both of them are the lead actors of many diseases caused by a fungal infection.
Synthesis and evaluation of novel benzimidazole derivatives as potential anti bacterial and anti fungal agents
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Vishwajeet Amarsingh Pardeshi, Sultan Pathan, Amit Bhargava, Narendra Singh Chundawat, Girdhar Pal Singh
Recently, the incidence of systemic fungal infection has become an important complication and a significant cause of disorder and fatality in immune-compromised individuals such as patients going through anticancer chemotherapy or organ transplants. In recent therapeutic chemistry and drug designing [1,2], benzimidazole is becoming the first choice for researchers and scientists because of its potential biological activity [3]. Therefore, it becomes an interesting impression for medicinal chemistry researchers. Most of the types of scaffolds are known for their multiple beneficial uses such as their anti-inflammatory [4–6] antibacterial [7–11] antifungal [12–15] antioxidant [16–21] antimalarial [22], anticancer [23,24], antiparastitic [25]. According to the mechanism and from the known six classes of antifungal agents: ergosterol (fungal) synthesis inhibitors (which are class of azoles: voriconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole) Figure 1, glucan mixture inhibitors (caspofungin and echinocandins), ergosterol interfering (polyenes antibiotics: amphotericin B), squalene epoxidase inhibitors (terbinafine and naftifine), chitin combination inhibitors (nikkomycin), and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors (5-fluorocytosine).
Solubility enhancement, formulation development and antifungal activity of luliconazole niosomal gel-based system
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Ashish Kumar Garg, Balaji Maddiboyina, Mohammed Hamed Saeed Alqarni, Aftab Alam, Hibah M. Aldawsari, Pinki Rawat, Sima Singh, Prashant Kesharwani
Strategies for managing fungal infections include using systemic or topical antifungal drugs. The azole family, which includes imidazoles and triazoles, comprises a broad range of antifungal drugs which are an essential therapy for many fungal infections [6]. Additionally, most of the newly approved antifungal agents have primary shortcomings of unexpected toxicity associated with their continuous use, drug interactions, and physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic properties [7].