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Bionanotechnology and Cellular Biomaterials
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Bionanotechnology, 2018
Basically, all cells are composed of biochemical system that are capable to synthesize molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and so on, have outer protective membrane, and possess the ability to store genetic information embedded in nucleic acids. These attributes are similar in both plant and animal cells and both cells possess similar membranes and cell organelles. However, plant cells differ from animal cells in the presence of additional structures: cell wall, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. Cell wall functions to provide rigidity and protection to plant cells. Vacuoles are membrane-enclosed fluid filled organelles found in plant cells including fungi. Vacuoles assist in the storage of nutrients and degradation of unwanted materials inside the cells. And chloroplasts containing chlorophyll have significant role in photosynthesis, which are otherwise absent in animals (Gunning and Steer 1996).
Removal of Color Wastewater Using Low-Cost Adsorbent: A Comparative Study
Published in Zainura Zainon Noor, Noor Salehan Mohammad Sabli, Sustainable Water Treatment, 2017
Venmathy Samanaseh, Mohd Ariffin Abu Hassan, Zainura Zainon Noor
Plant cell wall is the most supportive for plants and limits the shape and size of cells and acts as barrier to potential pathogens. In most straw walls, cellulose lies as microfibrils of indefinite length and it causes the crystallinity to vary. This is because microfibrils contribute mechanical strength to the cell wall and act as a framework to the cell wall. Cellulose exists as a gel matrix consisting of hemicelluloses, lignins, and other carbohydrate polymers. Cellulose is a liner homopolymer composed of d-glucopyranose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds (C6H10n+2O5n+1 (n = degree of polymerization of glucose)) as shown in Figure 9.4. Cellulose consists roughly of 6000 glucose units.
Structure and Properties of the Polystyrene/Fullerene Composite Films
Published in Omari V. Mukbaniani, Marc J. M. Abadie, Tamara N. Tatrishvili, Chemical Engineering of Polymers, 2017
O. Alekseeva, N. Bagrovskaya, A. Noskov
From the data we can conclude that polystyrene becomes bacteriostatic action as a result of doping fullerenes. In addition we have found that polystyrene-fullerene composite films have been attributed by fungistatic action against fungi of the type Candida albicans. It is likely that one of the reasons of microorganisms inactivation is interaction of the fullerenes with functional groups of the amino acids composing bacterial proteins. This results in the cell membrane damage and destruction of the cell wall leading to their death. It should be noted that dynamics of the bacteria inactivation persists during a month.
Spectroscopic, conductivity and voltammetric investigations of interaction of sulfamethoxazole alone and in combination with trimethoprim with self-assembled structures
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Muhammad Nadeem Asghar, Iqra Bisma, Muhammad Sohail, Asad Muhammad Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Abd Ur Rahman, Iram Nadeem
Normally, antibiotics, after passing through the membrane barrier, inhibit the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, or folate, or target the building mechanism of cell wall.[3] The mechanisms responsible for antibiotics to reach their target include active transport, permeation, bulk flow, and passive diffusion across lipid bilayer.[4] However, modification in the lipid composition of the biomembrane profile which resists the permeability of antibiotics across the outer cell wall is one of the major reasons leading to antibiotics resistance.[5] Therefore, it is need of the hour to develop innovative and rational strategies for designing new antibiotics that can easily bypass bacterial outer cell membrane.
Synthesis, characterization, DNA binding, antibacterial, antidiabetic, molecular docking and DFT studies of Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes derived from heterocyclic schiff base
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Angamaly Antony Shanty, Puzhavoorparambil Velayudhan Mohanan
The variation in the activity of different metal complexes against tested bacteria depends on either the impermeability of cells of the microbes or difference in ribosomes of microbial cells.[49] The higher biological activity of metal complexes than that of the ligand can be explained on the basis of Overtone’s concept and Tweedy’s chelation theory . On chelation, metal ion polarity is reduced to a greater extent due to the overlapping of the ligand orbital and partial sharing of positive charge of metal ion with donor groups. Further, the delocalization of the π-electrons is increased over the whole chelate sphere and enhances the lipophilicity of the complex. The lipophilic nature of the central metal atom is also increased upon chelation, which subsequently favors the permeation through the lipid layer of cell membrane. It may be concluded that antibacterial activity of the compounds is related to cell wall structure of the bacteria. It is possible because the cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria and some antibiotics are able to kill bacteria by inhibiting a step in the synthesis of peptidoglycan.[50]
Exploring the therapeutic potentials of phyto-mediated silver nanoparticles formed via Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br. root extract
Published in Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2020
Suresh Sagadevan, Selvaraj Vennila, Lakshmipathy Muthukrishnan, K. Gurunathan, Won Chun Oh, Suriati Paiman, Faruq Mohammad, Hamad A. Al-Lohedan, Ainil Hawa Jasni, Is Fatimah, Kuppan Sivaranjan, Prasanna Kumar Obulapuram
The success of any antibacterial agents for clinical applications depends on the level of toxicity induced to the cells. In this study, cytotoxicity of phyto-fabricated AgNPs was explored against HEPK keratinocytes using MTT assay and from the results, the phyto-fabricated AgNPs as compared against the positive control of TNF-β are found to be non-toxic (Figure 9) to mammalian cells with significant antibacterial activity against clinically important bacteria. A possible explanation could be due to the difference in the composition of the cell membrane of bacteria and human cells. The bacterial cell membrane predominantly consists of peptidoglycan layer comprising as many saccharide units and whose hydrolysis of bonds brings about cell death. As for the mechanism of action is concerned, the antibiotic permeates the bacterial cell wall and inhibits enzymes (transpeptidases and carboxypeptidases) responsible for the synthesis of peptidoglycan layer snuffing out bacterial cell [32].