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Effects of Microorganisms on Phyllosilicate Properties and Behavior
Published in R.J. Wagenet, P. Baveye, B.A. Stewart, Interacting Processes in Soil Science, 2020
J.W. Stucki, H. Gan, H.T. Wilkinson
Microorganisms are distinctly different from plants and animals as they consist either of a single cell or are multicellular, but lack development of organs and tissues typical of plants and animals (Boyd, 1984). They are classified generally according to the complexity of their cell structure (procaryotes and eucaryotes) and their metabolic mechanisms (photolithotrophs, photoorganotrophs, chemolithotrophs, and chemoorganotrophs). Procaryotes are the class of microorganisms that lacks a proper nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria. The procaryotic nucleus is never separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane. Examples include bacteria and blue-green algae. Eucaryotes have cell structures with a discrete nucleus enclosed within a nuclear membrane and membrane-bound organelles are present inside the cells. This structure is similar to the basic cell units of plants and animals. Fungi, protozoa, and algae are examples of eucaryotic microorganisms. Lichens are a symbiotic association between algae and fungi. All of these classes of organisms in natural environments are sometimes referred to collectively as microbiota.
Plant Pathogens (Fungi): Biological Control
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Biological and Ecological Systems, 2020
Some fungi can produce antibiotic compounds that are toxic to other microbes, including plant pathogens. Trichoderma spp. produce volatile and nonvolatile antifungal compounds, including peptiabols, pyrones, and terpenoid antibiotics.[4]Gliocladium virens produces glioviren and gliotoxin that inhibit R. solani and Pythium ultimum. This mechanism is most effective when the BCA can grow to high populations and has an energy source to produce the antibiotic. An example would be Trichoderma or Gliocladium spp. applied to seeds or where a food base is added to the inoculum.[4,5]
Basic Chemical Hazards to Wildlife
Published in Jack Daugherty, Assessment of Chemical Exposures, 2020
Mutualism is a relationship where two or more species depend on one another in order to survive. Mycorrhizae is a relationship between fungi and certain plant roots, for instance. Ectomycorrhizae fungi form a cap, or mantle, about rootlets, which does a service by providing protection. Fungal hyphae, or threads, invade rootlets, growing between cell walls, extending outward into the soil from rootlets. The fungi, including common woodland mushrooms, depend on the tree for their energy source. In return, the fungi aid the tree in obtaining nutrients from the soil and protect the rootlets from certain diseases. Without the mycorrhizae, some trees, such as conifers and oaks, cannot survive and grow. Conversely, the fungi cannot exist without the trees.
Development of nanoemulsion gel based formulation of terbinafine for the synergistic antifungal activity: Dermatokinetic experiment for investigation of epidermal terbinafine deposition enhancement
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Prabhu Raut, Shobhit Kumar, Babar Iqbal, Javed Ali, Sanjula Baboota
Superficial cutaneous infections caused by Candida species, Malassezia species, dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte (dermatomycoses) are the most common fungal infectious diseases that affect large number of human population (20–25%) across the world.[1] It shows a major public health problem in countries with hot and humid climate. There are many oral and topical antifungal agents available for the treatment of fungal infections. Topical treatment offers several benefits such as targetability, requirement of low dose, improvement in patient compliance, avoidance of first pass metabolism and minimal drug related toxicities.[2] But in case of topical antifungal treatment the efficacy of treatment depends on the skin penetration and effective drug concentration in different skin layers.[3]
Microbes induced biofabrication of nanoparticles: a review
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2020
Devendra Kumar Golhani, Ayush Khare, Gopal Krishna Burra, Vikas Kumar Jain, Jagannadha Rao Mokka
Fungi are the members of a group of eukaryotic organisms, which lack in chlorophyll, leaves, true stem, and roots, reproduced by spores, and live as saprotrophs or parasites. The group includes molds, mildews, rusts, and mushrooms.[93] Biosynthesis of nanoparticles utilizing fungi, known as mycosynthesis, is a popular route due to good monodispersity, well-defined dimensions, different chemical compositions, sizes and large production of synthesized NPs. Some common fungi successfully employed for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles are Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Trichothecium sp., Penicillium sp., and Trichoderma sp. mostly from the phyla Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Phycomycetes.
Microbiota of the ground air layers in natural and industrial zones of the Kola Arctic
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Maria V. Korneykova, Galina A. Evdokimova
The Murmansk region is a part of the onshore Arctic area of the Russian Federation (from 67°11′17′′ N32°25′03′′ E to 69° 18′ 53″ N 32° 03′ 13″ E). The region is characterized by a unique combination of natural and anthropogenic factors: severe climatic conditions and intensive industrial development (the Kandalaksha Aluminum Plant, the Copper–Nickel Plants «Pechenganickel», «Severonickel» and others). As a rule, the industrial plants are located near the settlements or within their territory, and, consequently, the plant emissions may have a negative impact on the health of people living in these areas. Special hazard for humans may be represented by the fungi belonging to the group of the opportunistic ones, i.e. the fungi that may provoke various mycotic diseases, allergic reactions for immunocompromised humans, and in the meantime retaining the ability to develop in other environments. According to the literature data, the content of the opportunistic fungi increases in the large industrial centers, in urban environment.[4,8,17,22–28]