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Multi-Disciplinary Nature of Microbes in Agricultural Research
Published in Gustavo Molina, Zeba Usmani, Minaxi Sharma, Abdelaziz Yasri, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology, 2023
Zengwei Feng, Honghui Zhu, Qing Yao
Mycorrhizal fungi, which are ubiquitous and multifunctional fungi of the plant rhizospheric microbiome, can enhance their host plant access to soil nutrients (e.g., N and P) and water, improving the tolerance of their host plants to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses, and improving ambient soil structure and properties (Smith and Read 2008; van der Heijden et al. 2015). By far, four major types of mycorrhizal fungi have been reported in terrestrial ecosystems based on their structure and/or the identity of their host plant, namely arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi, orchid mycorrhizal fungi, and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. However, two predominant functional groups, AM fungi and EcM fungi, are potentially applied and function in agricultural ecosystems.
Rhizosphere Bioremediation: Green Technology to Clean Up the Environment
Published in M.H. Fulekar, Bhawana Pathak, Bioremediation Technology, 2020
The use of mycorrhiza may give plants several advantages; for example, protection against harmful conditions in the soil due to low nutrient level, drought and the presence of toxic pollutants. The mycorrhizal hyphae network is more extensive than the root systems that can increase the uptake of pollutants due to the ability to penetrate relatively small soil pores. As with phytoremediation, the main thrust of research into the use of mycorrhizas has focused on phytoextraction of metal ions from contaminated soil (Leyval et al., 2002). Attention is now diverting to mycorrhizal involvement in the degradation of organic pollutants. Many persistent organic pollutants are known to be degraded by mycorrhizal fungi, including 2, 4-D, atrazine and PCBs (Donnelly et al., 1994; Anderson and Coats, 1995). Some ectomycorrhizal species are particularly efficient in degrading recalcitrant organic compounds, such as BTEX, TNT and PAHs, and their capacity is retained even under symbiotic conditions in the soil (Heinonsalo et al., 2000). Even the less aggressive fungi involved in arbuscular mycorrhiza have been shown to enhance degradation of PAHs (Joner et al., 2001; Joner and Leyval, 2003), though in these cases the fungal effects appear to be indirect through modifications of the bacterial community that enhance degradation rates in rhizosphere. The arbuscular mycorrhiza has also been reported to reduce toxicity of PAHs and/or metabolism in spiked soil due to enhance degradation (Joner et al., 2001).
Biodegradation of Persistent Organic Pollutants
Published in Sunil Kumar, Zengqiang Zhang, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Ronghua Li, Biological Processing of Solid Waste, 2019
Kanchan Kumari, Ankur Khare, Siratun Montaha S. Shaikh, Pradip S. Jadhao
Like bacteria, fungi can survive and grow in low pH, low moisture, and less light intensity (Spellmen, 2008). Fungi having many enzymes as their extracellular matrix are most efficient for the breakdown of polymeric compounds into simpler ones. Mycorrhiza are symbiotic associations between fungi and the roots of higher plants. In this association, fungi colonize the host plant in two ways: either intracellularly, called arbuscular mycorrizal fungi (AMF), or extacellularly, as ecto mycorrhizal fungi. The bioremediation using Mycorrhiza is collectively called mycorrhizoremediation (Khan, 2006). Fungi are known to have special characteristics and degrading capabilities for the recycling of polymers and phenols (Fritsche & Hofrichter, 2005) and for the removal of hazardous wastes from the environment.
Biochar application on heavy metal immobilization in unsaturated soil with vegetation: a review
Published in International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2023
The characteristics of biological communities in soils have large difference with their varied inhabitants including fungi, bacteria, nematodes and invertebrates (Atkinson, Fitzgerald, and Hipps 2010). For plants growing in soil with heavy metal contamination, fungi and bacteria have many advantages to enhance the plant growth. Mycorrhizal fungi, especially arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) and ecotomycorrhizae, have been commonly found to associate with the roots of more than 90% of plant species. Mycorrhizal fungi improve the nutrient status, especially mineral nutrition for their host plants, and enhance water absorption for plant and disease resistance ability. In exchange, the host plants supply the necessity including accommodation and nutrition for fungal growth and reproduction. The mechanism proposed by Bonfante and Genre was that inorganic P and mineral or organic forms of N like NH4+, NO3− and amino acids were absorbed by specialized transporters placed on the fungal membrane. NH3/NH4+ and Pi were transferred from the interface of plant cell and fungi to the plant tissues through selective transporters (Bonfante and Genre 2010; Karandashov and Bucher 2005). An increase in plant biomass have been generally found after AM fungi treatment, especially root mass. A proportion of cellulose and hemicellulose and tensile strength of root are also prominently impacted by AM symbiosis (Chen et al. 2018).
Growth and yield of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) in fly ash with nutrient amendments and Mycorrhiza for three-ratoon period
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
The growth and yield of lemongrass were enhanced by mycorrhiza inoculation equivalent to 60% based on the control during the first ratoon and up to 45% increase in the pooled shoot dry matter yield for the three-ratoon period (Table 4). Although the actual mycorrhizal root colonization in this experiment was not determined, preliminary experiments using the same plants and mycorrhiza inoculants had shown a high colonization rate at about 60% of the root length (data not shown). In this experiment, it is assumed that the mycorrhizal inoculant had successfully colonized the roots of lemongrass and they benefited from mycorrhiza by enhancing the uptake of some essential elements such as phosphorus and moisture absorption by colonized roots and this could also contribute to the higher yield of lemongrass (Ultra 2007 and Ven et al.2019). These results suggest that the use of mycorrhizal fungi may allow plant growth in low fertility soils such as fly ash, reduce fertilizer inputs, and increase production of essential oils (Karagiannidis et al. 2011; Lermen et al. 2019). Kehri et al. (2016) showed the efficiency of native AM fungi in reducing stress imposed by alkaline/sodic soil to the aromatic plant C. flexuosus and the package of AM fungal consortium along with gypsum and compost could be a beneficial and cost-effective approach for reclamation and management of alkaline/sodic soils. The same could be expected on the effect of mycorrhizal inoculant in alkaline fly ash in this study.
Enhanced Ni phytoextraction by effectiveness of chemical and biological amendments in sunflower plant grown in Ni-polluted soils
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2019
M. Jarrah, R. Ghasemi-fasaei, A. Ronaghi, M. Zarei, S. Mayel
Our results showed that the application of EDTA and mycorrhizal fungi effectively enhanced the uptake of Ni and phytoextraction in sunflower. Thus AMF and EDTA were effective assisted phytoremediation. The satisfying results of the co-application of AMF and EDTA showed that AMF inoculation can make plants less vulnerable to the byproducts and pollutions which may produce by applying EDTA. Mycorrhizal inoculation not only provides plants with nutrients through acting as extensions of the root system and improve plant growth, but also a cost-effective and environmental friendly process.