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Biotechnological Modes of Xylooligosaccharides Production from Waste Biomass: An Economic and Ecological Approach
Published in Prakash K. Sarangi, Latika Bhatia, Biotechnology for Waste Biomass Utilization, 2023
Latika Bhatia, Khageshwari Karsh, Suman Sahu, Dilip Kumar Sahu, Sonia Johri
As mentioned earlier, lignocellulosic biomass is the source of hemicellulose. Hemicellulose is the source of xylans, and xylans are the source of XOS. Recovery of XOS from LB can be mediated through enzymatic, chemo-enzymatic, and fractional xylan hydrolysis from innumerable sources such as barley hulls, rice hulls, corn cobs, peanut pods, sugarcane bagasse, wheat straw, cotton stalks, orange peels, mango peels, etc. (Gupta et al., 2016). This technology is equally relevant to obtain XOS from agro-residues of fruit and vegetable, nuts and oilseeds industries, etc., thereby supporting the country’s economic progress by making this product accessible not only in the national market but for export at the global level. Being a biopolymer, hemicellulose is priorly transformed into xylans, which are easily accessed by enzymes to produce XOS. Thermo-chemical methods, or enzymatic attack, harness sugar oligomers from hemicellulose (Gupta et al., 2015).
Carbohydrate-Based Agro-Industrial Waste
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Parmjit S. Panesar, Valorization of Agro-Industrial Byproducts, 2023
Almost one-third of plant material is composed of cellulose and is thus one of the most common organic compounds. Cellulose is often associated with hemicellulose and lignins in plants. Commercially available cellulose is derived from wood and other sources such as cotton, flax, hemp, jute, etc. However, food-derived cellulosic sources include soybean hulls, pea hulls, corn bran, dried beet pulp, and oat hull (Sundarraj and Ranganathan, 2018). Hemicellulose is another dietary fibre composed of anhydrides of hexose and pentose sugars that can be hydrolyzed using alkali treatments (Walia and Gupta, 2013). In agro-industrial waste, hemicellulose is present and can be used in food applications for encapsulation and emulsification (Tatar et al., 2014).
Traditional and Advance Characterization Techniques for Natural Fibers
Published in Shishir Sinha, G. L. Devnani, Natural Fiber Composites, 2022
G. L. Devnani, Shishir Sinha, Dileep Kumar, Shailendra Kumar Pandey
Hemicellulose is basically noncellulose polysaccharides. Its composition varies from plant to plant. Geographical and climatic factors are also responsible for variation of its percentage. Hemicelluloses are basically hydrophilic and amorphous in nature and ester bonds are formed between hemicelluloses and lignin in addition to physical bonds with cellulose. In the chemical structure chain of acetylated links of pentoses and hexoses are there. Various plant and vegetable fibers and their tissues contain hemicellulose.
Experimental characterization of selected Nigerian lignocellulosic biomasses in bioethanol production
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2021
A. A. Awoyale, D. Lokhat, A. C. Eloka-Eboka
The major composition of lignocellulosic feedstock includes cellulose, hemicellulose and a small amount of lignin (Oberoi et al. 2010). The plant cell wall structure is composed mainly of cellulose which gives it mechanical vigour and chemical stability. Cellulose is the form in which the solar energy absorbed by the process of photosynthesis is stored in the plant. Hemicellulose is a copolymer of various C5 and C6 sugars existing in the plant cell wall. Lignin is a polymeric compound comprising of the aromatics and is formed through a biosynthetic process. It constitutes the protective covering for the cell wall of plants. Aside from these three chemical compounds contained in the lignocellulosic biomass, other compounds contained therein include water, small amount of proteins, ash, organic acids and minerals. Cellulose has been reported to be the organic compound of highest abundance on the earth surface (Harmsen et al. 2010). The cellulose and hemicellulose provide the sugar needed for the bioconversion to bioethanol (Malherbe and Cloete 2002). Lignin is a phenolic polymer, which is a major feedstock for industrial processes, for example, adhesive resin and lignin gels (Pizzi and Salvadó 2007). The composition of different biomasses differs from one variety to another; also the production location and process conditions affect biomass composition, and ultimately affect the processing approach (Singh et al. 2009).
Optimization of fermentation condition for co-production of ethanol and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) from hemicellolosic hydrolysates by Klebsiella oxytoca XF7
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2018
Anamika Sharma, Vikrant Nain, Rameshwar Tiwari, Surender Singh, Lata Nain
Use of pure xylose for fermentation increases the overall production cost of 2,3-BD and ethanol. As an alternative of pure xylose, hemicellulosic fraction was extracted from corncob. This process resulted in collection of 24.8% hemicellulose with 75.49% recovery of total xylan present in corncob. Extraction of hemicellulose with alkali has been proven as an effective method of hemicellulose isolation (Bahcegul et al., 2014). Alkali treatment of biomass removes various substitutions on hemicellulose like acetyl groups, uronic acids etc. and breaks the esters and ether bond cross linkage between xylan and lignin molecule (Peng et al., 2012; García et al., 2013). In this study, alkali precipitated xylan was obtained from the corncob which was desalted repeatedly with ethanol to remove impurities and small polysaccharides. Xylose was the most abundant monosaccharide followed by arabinose in the desalted xylan (Egüés et al., 2014; Bahcegul et al., 2014).
Effect of torrefaction on the fuel characteristics of timothy hay
Published in Biofuels, 2021
Daya Ram Nhuchhen, Muhammad T. Afzal, Ashak Mahmud Parvez
Carbon dioxide emissions due to combustion of fossil fuels are the major issue of the climate change debate [1]. Promotion of clean and renewable energy sources is inevitable to achieve sustainable growth around the world. Accordingly, many countries have introduced diverse kinds of renewable energy as well as emission reduction targets and strategies. Moreover, increasing the share of energy from renewable energy sources could also reduce import dependence and thus increase the energy security of a country [2]. Biofuel offers a prospect to lessen fossil fuel dependency, addresses the issues of fuel security and environment, and introduces some socio-economic advantages to achieve sustainable growth and to create local jobs [3]. Lignocellulosic biomass materials from different plants, which consist mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, are useful sources for energy production. Hemicellulose is one of the major components of lignocellulosic biomass. It mainly consists of carboxylic acids, which increases the hygroscopic nature of the biomass, causing problems associated with biomass storage. Cellulosic compounds are crystalline in nature and surrounded by hemicellulose and lignin compounds. Both cellulosic and hemicellulosic compounds are less stable compared to the lignin and are responsible for the high volatile matter content in the lignocellulosic biomass. The lignin content of the lignocellulosic biomass has a wider range of thermal stability and is responsible for the hydrophobic behavior of biomass. Although lignocellulosic materials could be collected from various sources, agricultural wastes and forest residues have been the most common feedstocks used as they are abundantly available at relatively low cost [3]. Most of all, such waste materials if stored for a prolonged period can emit methane and nitrous oxide, causing anthropogenic emissions [4].