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Recent Advances in Heavy Metal Removal: Using Nanocellulose Synthesized from Agricultural Waste
Published in Sunil K. Deshmukh, Mandira Kochar, Pawan Kaur, Pushplata Prasad Singh, Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2023
Mandeep Kaur, Parueen Sharmal, Santosh Kumari
Nanocellulose is the most promising green material in terms of strength, flexibility, and nanostructured architecture in current era (de Amorim et al., 2020). It can be synthesized by employing different treatments such as mechanical, enzymatic, and chemical or a combination of these (Khalil et al., 2014; Kaur et al., 2017) as illustrated in Table 16.2. Nanocellulose is derived from cellulose, one of the major constituents of the plant cell wall (Wegner and John, 2006). Cellulose is biodegradable, renewable, non-toxic, and inexhaustible (Kargarzadeh et al., 2017). It is made up of D-glucopyranose units interlinked by 13-1,4-linkages (Kumar et al., 2014). Intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the fibers assemble the individual polymer chains and bring into conformity the physical properties of cellulose (Dufresne and Castano, 2016). Cellulose fibres comprise of crystalline and amorphous regions with the latter being preferably dispelled to chemically liberate nanoscale components after hydrolysis (Rajnipriya et al., 2018). Acid hydrolysis individualizes the fibrils and results in dissolution of amorphous domains which promote the hydrolytic cleavage of glycosidic bonds and ultimately the release of individual crystallites (Chen et al., 2016) as presented in Fig. 16.2.
Biodegradable Composites for Conductive and Sensor Applications
Published in Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar, Kishor Kumar, Biodegradable Composites for Packaging Applications, 2023
V. Andal, Karthik Kannan, Z. Edward Kennedy
Cellulose is the most abundant biodegradable polymer. Sensing materials made of cellulose-based composites have been utilized for a long time and are gaining popularity [9]. Because of its characteristics, cellulose has great chemical and thermal stability and can be modified and used for sensors. It is generally known that cellulose has become commercially available in composites as reinforcement with both petrochemical- and bio-based polymer matrices. Mulinari et al. [10] reported a hybrid composite of bleached cellulose and hydrous zirconium oxide. The authors demonstrated that cellulose composites made from crushed sugarcane and inorganic materials have inherent benefits such as low cost, biodegradability, and ease of preparation and handling.
The Prospect of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Nanocrystalline Cellulose Composites from Agricultural Residues in Biomedical/Pharmaceutical
Published in Ahalapitiya H. Jayatissa, Applications of Nanocomposites, 2022
Nurul Huda Abd Kadir, Tan Ching Mig, Aima Ramli, Marshahida Mat Yashim, Masita Mohammad
Several studies on cytotoxicity assessment have been conducted to evaluate the safety of nanomaterials as a support of its significant usage in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications (Xu et al. 2018; O'brien et al. 2006). This assessment is growingly acknowledged as a productive way to test the potential human toxicity to optimize the percentage of developing successful compounds, including the small size of particles such as MCC and NCC (Jones and Grainger 2009; Pereira et al. 2013). In biomedical components production, biocompatibility is the precondition that defines an external component’s capability to coexist in harmony when being inserted into the body instead of bringing out damaging effects (Dugan et al. 2013). Cellulose is a biocompatible material, but it will lead to moderate foreign body response in vivo (if any). Moreover, it will also cause minor incompatibility as our body does not contain cellulolytic enzymes to break them down. However, there is still a lack of studies about the biocompatibility of crystalline cellulose (Lin and Dufresne 2014). Thus, it has the potential risks of NCC and MCC that need to be evaluated (Jones and Grainger 2009).
Synthesis of cellulosic and nano-cellulosic aerogel from lignocellulosic materials for diverse sustainable applications: a review
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2023
Anisha Ganguly, Soma Nag, Kalyan Gayen
Types of cellulosic aerogel can be classified into three broad groups based on the raw materials used: (i) plant-based cellulosic aerogel, (ii) bacterial cellulosic aerogel, and (iii) hybrid aerogel. The plant-based raw materials were treated with acids/alkali for removal of hemicellulose and lignin followed by bleaching to remove color materials resulting in white extracted cellulose. The extracted cellulose can further be treated with chemicals for the modification of its physical structure. Bacterial cellulose is produced through the fermentation process using microorganisms. These extracted/bacterial celluloses are used for the synthesis of cellulosic aerogel. Hybrid aerogels are prepared using two or more types of raw materials (organic or inorganic) where at least one raw material used was cellulose.
State of art review on the incorporation of fibres in asphalt pavements
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Shenghua Wu, Ara Haji, Ian Adkins
Cellulose fibres have been widely used and are commercially available. They also have been used as a control for studying new fibres (Herráiz et al., 2016). Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that forms the main constituent of the cell wall in most plants. It is important in the manufacturing of numerous products, such as paper, textiles, pharmaceuticals and explosives. Table 8 provides a summary of recent studies on cellulose fibres used in asphalt mixtures, mainly for OGFC, porous asphalt and stone matrix asphalt (SMA). These mixtures typically have higher asphalt content than dense-graded asphalt mixture. In particular, due to a thick asphalt film in SMA, cellulose fibres are allowed to use as drainage inhibitors (European Asphalt Pavement Association, 2018, Wu et al., 2017a, 2017b). Cellulose fibres in these mixtures serves to enhance the bonding and interlocking in the aggregate structure and mitigate draindown.
A review on biomolecular immobilization of polymeric textile biocomposites, bionanocomposites, and nano-biocomposites
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2022
Christopher Igwe Idumah, Anthony Chidi Ezika, Uzoma Ebenezer Enwerem
Cellulose is a polysaccharide material composed of glucose and has garnered great attention in wound reparability because as a wound dressing material for critical wounds, it releases pain and escalates the mending process while additionally facilitating tissue regeneration. For instance, a wood oriented nano-fibrillar cellulose wound dressing material has been fabricated for the treatment of burn patients and exhibit rapid epithelialization in comparison with its commercial counterpart (Paskiabi et al., 2017). Asides cellulose garnered from plants, there abides cellulose synthesized by bacteria (Acetobacter xylinum (Acetobacteraceae)), referred to as bacterial cellulose (BC). This nanoarchitectured cellulose exhibit potential physicochemical and mechanical behavior, along with biocompatibility and biodegradability, in addition to notable prospects for hydration and bactericidal activities (Reshmi et al., 2021).