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Chemical Composition of Biomass
Published in Jean-Luc Wertz, Philippe Mengal, Serge Perez, Biomass in the Bioeconomy, 2023
Jean-Luc Wertz, Philippe Mengal, Serge Perez
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic bonds.7 Natural occurring polysaccharides exhibit distinct structural features in molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage patterns, configuration (α or β), charging properties, degree of branching, etc. These diversified structural properties determine the functional properties of polysaccharides, such as solubility and rheological properties, which in turn benefit their extensive applications in both food and non-food areas.
Smart Factory of Microalgae in Environmental Biotechnology
Published in Pau Loke Show, Wai Siong Chai, Tau Chuan Ling, Microalgae for Environmental Biotechnology, 2023
Shazia Ali, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Hooi Ren Lim, Hui Suan Ng, Pau Loke Show
Microalgae are photosynthesising microorganisms that can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic (Vale et al. 2020). Microalgae have a basic cell structure and grow on light, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. The major chemical constituents of microalgae include lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates of varied compositions, which are stored in the microalgae cell (Khoo et al. 2020). Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkages. Microalgae cell is composed of a cellulosic cell wall that functions as a barrier against osmotic stress and provides tensile strength. The pigments that give the thallus its color come in a variety of forms such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, xanthophylls, phycobilin, and pyrenoids (Begum et al. 2016).
Biocomposites and Nanocomposites
Published in Amit Sachdeva, Pramod Kumar Singh, Hee Woo Rhee, Composite Materials, 2021
C. H. Lee, S. H. Lee, F. N. M. Padzil, Z. M. A. Ainun, M. N. F. Norrrahim, K. L. Chin
Polysaccharides are biological polymers composed of monosaccharide units with glycosidic linkages, known as long chains of carbohydrate molecules. The chain can be linear or branched, which may influence its reaction to water. The functions of polysaccharides in living organisms are structure-related like cellulose and chitin or storage-related like starch and glycogen. A polysaccharide that contains all the same type of monosaccharide repeating units is called homopolysaccharide or homoglycan but if more than one type of monosaccharide is present then it is named heteropolysaccharide or heteroglycan. The chemical formulae of monosaccharide and polysaccharide are (CH2O)n and Cx(H2O)y, respectively. Glucose, fructose, and glyceraldehyde are examples of monosaccharides.
Spray-drying optimization for Dunaliella salina and Porphyridium cruentum biomass
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Nevzat Konar, Yasar Durmaz, Basak Gurbuz, Derya Genc Polat, Behic Mert
P. cruentum cells contain different carbohydrates; (a) cell storage polymers (starch derivatives), (b) lipopolysaccharides, and (c) extracellular polysaccharides.[3,4] Exo-polysaccharides can bind to the cell and are released into the culture medium. They contribute to the protection of cells from various environmental factors. However, the effects of polymeric substances, especially sulfated polysaccharides, released by cells into the culture medium, on the feed flow behavior and drying process should be considered.[2] Sulfated polysaccharides can act as gelling agents in food structures. Polysaccharides in P. cruentum biomass to form viscous solutions and gel at low concentrations.[3] The presence of these substances may cause algae-containing materials to stick to the relevant surfaces during flow, and this adhesive property may continue even in the dry form obtained. As observed in our study, the adherence of the feed to the surface of various system components (atomizer, chamber, cyclone, etc.) in the spray-dryer process caused low EY values for P. cruentum.
Recent advances of polymer based nanosystems in cancer management
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Chetan Janrao, Shivani Khopade, Akshay Bavaskar, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Tejas Girish Agnihotri, Aakanchha Jain
Natural polymers are the best alternative for creating the nanocarrier system, which has gain significant attention from pharmaceutical industries in recent years. Albumin, alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and hydroxyapatite are a few examples of natural polymers that are employed to create nanosystems [18]. These natural polymers offer many advantages such as being biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic, and nonimmunogenic [19]. Additionally, natural materials have functional groups easy to modify them for conjugation with drug molecules, targeting ligands, or the creation of copolymers [20]. Moreover, they could have certain protein binding sites and other biochemical signals that could help with tissue engineering or localized administration [21]. Natural polymers are produced by bacteria, fungi, plants, and mammals. Polysaccharides and protein-based polymers are the main two primary categories. Both can form scaffolds as functional extracellular matrix (ECM). This will result in targeted drug delivery with good loading efficiency [19, 22,23]. In context with polysaccharides, they are long chains of polymeric carbohydrates composed of simple monosaccharide repeating units linked by glycosidic bonds. It contained more than 10 simple monosaccharide units. Mainly it is obtained from plants, algae, mammals, and microbes [24,25]. Natural tissues are typically the source of protein-based polymers. They are often both biocompatible and biodegradable and deteriorate naturally. Collagen, albumin, and gelatin are the three proteins that are most frequently employed in nanosystems for drug delivery systems [26].
An overview of translational research in bone graft biomaterials
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Vijay Shankar Kumawat, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Subrata Bandhu Ghosh
Polysaccharides-based biopolymers, another diverse class of graft materials, are usually formed from glycosidic linkages of monosaccharides or disaccharide chains. The chemistry of polysaccharide contains rich proteins in terms of structural diversity and heterogeneity [201]. Cellulose, starch and chitin etc. are the examples of such polysaccharides [200,202]. Polysaccharides usually contain a verity of functional groups which make them amenable for chemical modifications; as a result, they can be tailored to provide an environment, which can simulate bone ECM closely. Even with these benefits, there are some restrictions on the use of polysaccharide based natural biopolymers to prepare the bone grafts, due to inconsistency in molecular weight with respect their structural distribution, branching, sequencing and absence of digestive enzymes rendering them as non-biodegradable. As a result, these are usually not promising options in bone tissue engineering application without additional chemical alteration [203].