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In Vivo Studies
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Govindasamy Hariharan, Ren-You Gan, Sahayaraj Jasmin Vinitha, Kesavan Keerthana, Gurunagarajan Sridharan, Hua-Bin Li, Nayagham Agnel Arul John, Gopalsamy Rajiv Gandhi, Ricardo Queiroz Gurgel, Gnanasekaran Jothi
Glycogen is the primary intracellular storage form of glucose, and its level in various tissues is a direct reflection of insulin activity. A reduction in glycogen in hepatic tissues was observed in the diabetic control. The glycogen was restored to a near-normal level with AECA treatment. Insulin is the prime hormone that regulates protein synthesis (James et al., 2017). The increased insulin level in the AECA-treated diabetic rats caused profound restoration of serum and tissue protein levels. The disturbance in protein metabolism, together with oxidative stress, affects renal function, elevating the levels of serum urea and creatinine in alloxanized animals. The levels of urea and creatinine decreased considerably in the AECA-treated rats, indicating the restoration of protein metabolism.
Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer and Amide Proton Transfer Imaging
Published in Shoogo Ueno, Bioimaging, 2020
Glycogen is a storage form of glucose and plays an essential role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Glycogen is a large polymer of glucose residues. When the body does not need glucose, the glucose surplus is stored as a form of glycogen in the liver and muscles. When energy is needed, glycogen can be broken down to yield glucose molecules. The CEST imaging of glycogen (glycoCEST) [6] is based on proton exchange between hydroxyl protons (−OH, 1.0 ppm downfield to water) and water protons. The initial observations were glycogen-containing phantoms at 4.7T and 9.4T and in vivo perfused mouse livers at 4.7T. In the in vivo experiment, a decline in glycoCEST signal was observed following the administration of glucagon, which induces glycogen breakdown. To date, there are only a few reports of translation into living humans. Deng et al. [75] used healthy volunteers to demonstrate that reproducing glycoCEST measurements of the liver is feasible with a clinical 3T MRI scanner and showed that compared with post-meal measurement, glycoCEST signals decreased following overnight fasting. Thus far, no study regarding clinical patients has been reported.
The Chemical Work of Biosynthesis
Published in Jean-Louis Burgot, Thermodynamics in Bioenergetics, 2019
Glycogen is enzymatically synthesized from glucose by a repetitive process according to which a glucose molecule is attached to the end of a glycogen chain in building. Each repetitive step is the sum of six sequential reactions. They are: glucose + ATP → glucose-6-phosphate + ADPglucose-6-phosphate → glucose-1-phosphateglucose-1-phosphate + UTP → UDP-glucose + pyrophosphateThe structure of uridine diphosphate glucose is given just below Structure of uridine diphosphate glucose.UDP-glucose + glycogenn → Glycogenn+1 + UDPATP + UDP → ADP + UTPpyrophosphate + H2O → 2 phosphate
Substrate metabolism during exercise: Sexual dimorphism and women’s specificities
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2022
Nathalie Boisseau, Laurie Isacco
Energy substrate stores are determinant factors of sports performance by playing a pivotal role in metabolism regulation during exercise. Similarly to body composition, sex differences have been observed in energy substrate stores at rest, with implications during exercise. Skeletal muscle glycogen is an important energy source during exercise, specifically at high intensity. Therefore, strategies to increase muscle glycogen content are currently exploited in competitions and training. Tarnopolsky et al. observed similar resting muscle glycogen levels in men and women (Tarnopolsky, MacDougall, Atkinson, Tarnopolsky, & Sutton, 1990). However, in a recent study, Impey and colleagues found lower resting muscle glycogen concentration in women than in men, but only in specific muscles (i.e. in gastrocnemius but not in vastus lateralis) (Impey, Jevons, Mees, Cocks, & Strauss, 2020). In 2017, Price and Sanders reported sex-specific difference in glycogen levels in the quadriceps femoris and biceps brachialis muscles during the luteal phase (LP), but not in the follicular phase (FP) of the menstrual cycle (Price & Sanders, 2017). In their meta-analysis, Areta and Hopkins (2018) highlighted a small, but significant increase in women compared with men concerning resting muscle glycogen concentrations. Nevertheless, they concluded that dietary CHO availability and fitness level are the major determinants of resting muscle glycogen concentrations.
Stress, growth, cytokines and histopathological effects of permethrin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Kenan Erdoğan, Gül Nihal Örün, Nuh Korkmaz, Belda Erkmen, Hüseyin Polat, Arzu Doğru, Mehmet İlker Doğru, İbrahim Örün
The increase in blood glucose level is a rapid response to the stress that the fish are exposed to sublethal and acute pollutants [65]. Because the increase in blood glucose level is a response of carbohydrate metabolism disorder due to physicochemical stress. It is well known that pesticide contaminants stimulate the adrenal gland, resulting in increased levels of glucocorticoids and catecholamines [69]. Cholinesterase inhibition by the effect of the pesticide causes excessive secretion of cortisol. Also, the primary stress response in fish requires activation of the HPI axis and the release of ACTH, which stimulates the interrenal cells to synthesise and release cortisol. Cortisol secreted as a result of these events stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose by glycogenolysis in the liver. Thus, physiological responses to meet the energy crisis of under stressed fish emerge. Therefore, CORT plays a functional role in activating energy in fish [70].