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Introduction
Published in Laurence J. Street, Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology, 2023
Mechanically, blood is a fluid somewhat more viscous than water, made up mostly of water, plus various compounds such as sodium chloride, nutrient and waste molecules, a variety of proteins, and several types of cells. The most numerous of these cells are erythrocytes, or red blood cells (Figure 1.26), whose main function is transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues. Other cells are involved in immune response and tissue clean-up and repair. Being an ionic solution, blood is a relatively good conductor of electricity.
Homo Sapiens (“Us”): Strengths and Weaknesses
Published in Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang, Our Animal Connection, 2020
Michael Hehenberger, Zhi Xia, Huanming Yang
The human cardiovascular system consists of heart, blood, and blood vessels. It includes the pulmonary circulation. Blood oxygenation happens through the lungs. As shown in Fig. 4.7, our hearts and lungs work together to provide oxygenated blood. An average adult body contains 5 to 6 liters of blood. Our blood represents about 7% of body weight. Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Fundamentals of Receptor Assessment
Published in Jack Daugherty, Assessment of Chemical Exposures, 2020
Thrombocytes, or platelets, help prevent blood loss by forming blood clots. Aspirin inhibits clotting. Benzene decreases the number of thrombocytes. Tetrachloroethylene, or perchloroethylene, increases platelet count. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, defend the body against foreign organisms by engulfing and destroying the invading organisms, or by producing antibodies. Steroids reduce the white blood cell count dramatically. Boron hydrides, magnesium oxide, naphthalene, and tetrachloroethylene increase leukocyte count. Benzene and phosphorus decrease the leukocyte count. Erythrocytes, red blood cells, transport oxygen in the blood and are therefore, very important immediately to many systems of the body. The iron compound hemoglobin picks up an oxygen molecule as it passes through the fine capillaries near the alveoli in the lungs. The normal, reduced state of hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin because it readily accepts oxygen. Carbon monoxide combines two hundred times more readily with hemoglobin than oxygen does, forming carboxyhemoglobin. This condition causes asphyxiation. However, carboxyhemoglobin is reversible to oxyhemoglobin despite the greater affinity for carbon monoxide. Other chemicals form irreversible methemoglobin, a fully oxidized state that refuses oxygen or to be changed. Aniline, hydrogen cyanide, dinitrobenzene, mercaptans, nitrobenzene, 2-nitropropane, sodium nitrite, and trinitrotoluene (TNT) cause methemoglobinemia.
Anemia in Children from the Caribbean Region of Colombia: An Econometric Analysis
Published in Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 2023
Lina Moyano Tamara, Paula Espitia, Ana Mora
Anemia is a disease that occurs when the hemoglobin concentration in the blood is lower than necessary to meet the oxygen transport requirements in the body. The factor contributing the most to the onset of anemia is iron deficiency. Among those individuals who are anemic, iron deficiency anemia represents at least 50% of anemia cases3,4; thus, this pathology is directly related to the lack of this micronutrient as a result of a poor and non-diversified diet.3 Moreover, anemia can also result from parasitic infections, deficiencies of other micronutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin B12, and folic acid, chronic and hereditary diseases.5 The disease may occur at any stage of the human life cycle; however, it is more prevalent during pregnancy and in children under five years old because it is precisely during these periods that the biological requirements for iron are higher. In addition, the late introduction of complementary feeding (over 26 weeks) reduced the extent of breastfeeding, and this plus inadequate intake of iron-rich foods are factors that have been linked to the development of anemia in children under five years.6
The pulsatile 3D-Hemodynamics in a doubly afflicted human descending abdominal artery with iliac branching
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Sumit Kumar, S. K. Rai, B.V. Rathish Kumar, Om Shankar
Finite volume method under ANSYS–FLUENT fluid flow solver is used for investigating computational blood flow dynamics in the human descending aorta with AAA, RIIAS and multiple branches. In human body blood is made up of blood cells embedded in plasma. Plasma, which accounts for 55% of blood, is primarily water (92% by volume) and contains dispersed proteins, carbohydrates, hormones, mineral ions, and blood cells themselves. Red blood cells are microscopic semisolid particles that raise the viscosity of blood and influence fluid behaviour. It has been found that plasma acts like a Newtonian fluid, but entire blood exhibits non-Newtonian behaviour. Blood flow exhibits non-Newtonian characteristics such as shear thinning, viscoelasticity, thixotropy, and yield stress, according to years of experimental research (Baskurt and Meiselman 2003; Yilmaz and Gundogdu 2008; Romano et al. 2020a).
A Novel Design of Epidermal Flexible Antenna on Supraorbital Nerve to Correlate Diabetes and Anemia
Published in IETE Journal of Research, 2023
Kannagi V, A Jawahar, Vijay Nath
Diabetic people have minimal or no insulin secretion from beta cells of the pancreas. The hormone insulin from the pancreas facilitates the liver and muscles to use glucose for energy. Insulin deficiency increases the blood glucose level, known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes is classified as type I and type II diabetes depending on insulin secretion. In type I diabetes, insulin secretion from the pancreas stops completely. This makes cells unable to process blood glucose and causes hyperglycemia. In type II diabetes, the cells do not respond to insulin secreted from the pancreas. The pancreas stops secreting insulin after prolonged diabetes. Left untreated, diabetes can cause blindness, anemia, and renal failure. Anemia reduces the levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin to lower their normal values in the blood.