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Petroleum Origin and Generation
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
All plants, including underwater plants, carry out a photosynthesis process under sunlight and respiration in the absence of sunlight. Photosynthesis produces oxygen and consumes carbon dioxide. The photosynthesis process takes place near the water surface, up to 200 meters deep in clear water. The depth is reduced by turbidity and high-salinity water. Light is unable to travel long distances into the sea. So the oxygen production area is limited to the photosynthesis zone. Marine animals are found in all levels of depth. The animal by respiration consumes oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide. Thus carbon dioxide is available throughout the water volume. In the absence of oxygen in deep sea, sulfate bacteria reduction processes provide oxygen energy required by organisms.
On-board diagnostics
Published in Tom Denton, Advanced Automotive Fault Diagnosis, 2020
Carbon dioxide is a pollutant, which is now said to contribute to global warming and climate change. Ozone, occupying a region of the lower atmosphere, is now known to cause respiratory ill health and lung disease and is also thought to make a much greater contribution to the greenhouse effect than even carbon dioxide.
Leaves
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 2020
G. Brett Runion, Seth G. Pritchard, Stephen A. Prior
The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is increasing primarily because of fossil fuel use and land use change and is expected to double preindustrial levels during this century.[1] Leaves are the sites for the transfer of carbon from atmosphere to biosphere; thus, this increase has significant implications for plants. Carbon dioxide, along with sunlight and water, drive photosynthesis and it is the capture of carbon by leaves that enables plants to grow. This carbon capture by leaves forms the basis of agriculture and forestry and provides humans and other organisms with the food, clothing, and shelter they need to survive. This entry will provide a brief summary of the effects of the increasing atmospheric CO2 on plant leaves at various scales from molecular to plant community.
The compressive strength, reaction kinetics and phases evolution of CO2-cured cement pastes at low temperatures
Published in Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, 2023
Ziwei Yan, Hui Li, Mingming Wang, Lei Jiang, Baohua Chen
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main ingredients in air, which is essential to photosynthesis. However, global warming has become a focus of the international community, especially the huge CO2 emissions, which are considered to be responsible for climate warming [5,6]. At the beginning of the industrial revolution, the concentration level of atmospheric CO2 was approximately 280 ppm, but it sharply increased to over 400 ppm now [7]. Generally, carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, which would allow the continued use of fossil fuels with a deep reduction in CO2 emissions, is regarded as potentially one of the most important technological options to address climate change in the future [8]. At the same time, two main issues hinder CCS technology an international breakthrough. One is a need for an improved technology, which would allow for the successful integration of the major components of CCS at a lower cost; the other is a credible carbon policy, which would boost investor confidence when undertaking CCS projects [1, 8].
Achieving Cost Parity for Battery Electric Vehicles in Africa: a case study of Ghana
Published in Transportation Letters, 2023
Godwin Kafui Ayetor, Frank Kwabena Nyarko, Prince Yaw Andoh
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming by trapping heat in the atmosphere and warming up the earth and raising global temperatures (Ahmed Ali, Ahmad, and Yusup 2020). Globally transportation is known to account for 28% of the total emissions in the USA and Europe (Xue and Yao 2022). In Ghana, CO2 emissions from transport constitute 25% of the national total (Ayetor et al. 2021a). In Figure 12, the well-to-wheel CO2 emissions per mile from the various powertrains are shown. The CO2 emissions from Corolla is 0.724 lb/mile followed by Vitz (0.498 lb/mile), Kona (0.259 lb/mile), Model 3 (0.219 lb/mile), Ora (0.212 lb/mile) and E70 (0.197 lb/mile). Compared to Corolla, the transition to BEV in Ghana has the potential to cut down CO2 emissions from transport by at least 72%. Based on the 7.17 MtCO2e attributed to transportation emissions in 2016, a BEV transition could reduce this figure by 5 MtCO2e and help Ghana achieve its target of reducing 8.5 MtCO2e GHG.
Experimental investigation of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled by blends of waste plastic oil with diesel
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Dunga Simhana Devi, Ravinder Kumar, Upendra Rajak
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, incombustible, and odorless gas produced from carbon oxidation. Extra CO2 in the atmosphere raises the greenhouse effect, trapping radiation and creating ozone at ground level, thus preventing the earth from cooling. Figure 11 shows the CO2 of the four fuels studied (D100, D80PPO20, D60PPO40 and PPO100) at five different compression ratios: 15.5, 16.5, 17.5, 18.5 and 19.5. No significant variations are shown for all the fuels throughout the entire compression ratios. The highest CO2 is consistently given by PPO100, whereas that of the lowest is always given by D80PPO20 at CR17.5. Specifically, the highest CO2 (1100.4 g/kWh) is given by PPO100 at CR19.5, while the lowest CO2 (770.3 g/kWh) is given by D80PPO20 were at CR 15.5 at full load condition with 1500 rpm. The fact that D80PPO20 produced the lowest level of CO2 emission could be due to its higher calorific value and lower density compared to PPO100 for obtaining the same engine power output, thus releasing less energy (Krishania et al. 2020; Rajak, Nashine, and Verma 2019b). It is known that CO2 emission increases with a decrease in BTE, the trend of CO2 emission presented in figure clearly confirms the inverse relationship between BTE and CO2 emissions (Tuan et al. 2022; Tuan, Tuan, and Pham 2019).