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Introduction
Published in Laurence J. Street, Introduction to Biomedical Engineering Technology, 2023
The simple sugar, glucose, is the means by which energy is supplied to cells in the body. Glucose is produced by the digestion of most foods or by the utilization of body fat, and its levels are controlled mainly by the pancreas and the insulin it produces; insulin operates by controlling the movement of glucose in and out of cells. Chronic inadequate production and/or control of insulin is known as diabetes, or more properly diabetes mellitus.
Noninvasive Photonic Sensing of Glucose in Bloodstream
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
One of the most important goals of medicine is the development of a noninvasive method to measure the glucose concentration in blood. The main reason for the development of noninvasive sensors is due to the fact that diabetic patients must continuously monitor their blood glucose level in order to avoid the most harmful effects of the disease. The most common way to measure glucose is by pricking a finger and applying the blood droplet to a strip. The blood sample is inserted into a glucometer, and the flux of the glucose reaction generates an electrical signal. This electrical signal is converted to glucose concentration in blood readout. There are still many challenges related to the achievement of reliable glycemic monitoring, despite the impressive advances in glucose biosensors.
Basic Concepts
Published in P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino, Non-Invasive Monitoring of Transdermal Drug Delivery, 2022
P. Arpaia, U. Cesaro, N. Moccaldi, I. Sannino
Hyperglycemia refers to a condition with an excessive amount of glucose circulating in the blood plasma; therefore, it develops in conditions with a low net insulin actions. The symptoms of hyperglycemia include: high glucose levels (> 200 mg glucose/dL) in blood and urine, frequent urination, and increased thirst. Indeed, hyperglycemia induces platelet hyper-reactivity, which increases thrombosis, cardiac cell death, reduces coronary collateral blood flow, and also leads to endothelial cell dysfunction [90].
Artificial Intelligence-based Prediction of Diabetes and Prediabetes Using Health Checkup Data in Korea
Published in Applied Artificial Intelligence, 2022
Hyeonseop Yuk, Juhui Gim, Jung Kee Min, Jaesuk Yun, Tae-Young Heo
Currently, there is no permanent treatment for T2D. The World Health Organization (WHO) has highlighted the implications of the early detection and screening of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) as cost-effective interventions (WHO(World Health Organization) 2022). Recently, various machine learning (ML) algorithms used to automatically solve prediction or classification problems using past information (Zhou et al. (2016) have been introduced in bioinformatics fields, including diabetes prediction (Sharma and Shah 2021; Zhu et al. 2021). Despite being arobust risk factor for T2D (Reddy 2016; Zand, Ibrahim, and Patham 2018), the significance of prediabetes is often disregarded. Prediabetes diagnosis depends on the glycemic status, such as impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and elevated HbA1c levels. According to the American Diabetes Association, impaired fasting glucose levels range from 100–125 mg/dl (Edwards and Cusi 2016). The number of people with prediabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide, and 5–10% of these individuals have this condition progress to diabetes everyyear (Tab Ák et al. 2012). However, the risk factors that play acrucial role in the progression from normal status to prediabetes and then to diabetes are unclear. Deberneh and Kim (2021) considered prediabetes when predicting diabetes states; however, they predicted the progress of three diabetic states simultaneously. The lifetime progression from prediabetes to overt T2DM is approximately 70% (Souza et al. 2012; Tab Ák et al. 2012). Management of prediabetes is essential to mitigating the progression to T2D, which is achronic disease.
Model Predictive Control of Glucose Concentration Based on Signal Temporal Logic Specifications with Unknown-Meals Occurrence
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2020
Francesca Cairoli, Gianfranco Fenu, Felice Andrea Pellegrino, Erica Salvato
Glucose is a simple sugar that, circulating in plasma, provides energy to cells. The glucose concentration in blood is important for human health care; in particular, a persistent high glucose-level in blood, also known as hyperglycemia condition, leads to glucose toxicity and therefore to cell dysfunction. On the other hand, a low glucose-level in blood, also referred to as hypoglycemia, may cause potentially fatal conditions. Typically, blood sugar concentration increases after food intake and the body regulates blood glucose levels as a part of metabolic homeostasis, thereby restoring a normal value of sugar concentration in blood (around ). This mechanism is characterized by a hormone regulation: the catabolic hormones increase the blood glucose; the anabolic hormones, such as the insulin, decrease it. The pancreas wisely balances these hormones delivery by using the α and the β cells, respectively. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a metabolic disease induced by the pancreas inability in insulin production. Patients affected by this particular pathology must inject insulin to prevent the increase of glucose level in blood.
Design of non-invasive glucose meter using near-infrared technique
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2018
Gameel Saleh, Fatimah Alkaabi, Noor Al-Hajhouj, Fatimah Al-Towailib, Safa Al-Hamza
According to the international diabetes federation, in 2015 stood 415 million people have diabetes in the world and more than 35.4 million people in the Middle East and North Africa Region. In Saudi Arabia, there were 3.4 million cases of diabetes [1]. The increase of diabetes globally has been an issue that has emerged predominantly in the recent times. Diabetes is a lifelong condition where the ability of the body to produce and respond to the hormone insulin is damaged. The lack or insufficiency of insulin leads to abnormal carbohydrates metabolism and elevated glucose levels in the blood stream [2]. Glucose is a carbohydrate; it provides energy to all humans’ living cells. As all carbohydrates, glucose is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen, the molecular formula is C6H12O6.