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Review of Deep Learning Techniques for Prognosis and Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Archana Mire, Vinayak Elangovan, Shailaja Patil, Advances in Deep Learning for Medical Image Analysis, 2022
C. Muthamizhchelvan, K. A. Sunitha, M. Saranya, B. Venkatraman, M. Menaka, Sridhar P. Arjunan
Diabetes is an incurable autoimmune disease caused by a lack of or resistance to the hormone insulin [3]. The pancreas produces an important hormone that enables cells of the body to consume glucose in the blood. Blood sugar is derived from the digested food and is essential to provide the energy necessary for the body to function [4]. When there is a lack of insulin or resistance to insulin, body cells are unable to absorb blood sugar and the level of sugar increases in the blood. The presence of high blood sugar levels in the blood is known as hyperglycemia. When uncontrolled, high blood sugar levels lead to various complications of diabetes, as shown in Figure 8.2.
Novel Microbial Compounds as a Boon in Health Management
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Shubha Rani Sharma, Rajani Sharma, Debasish Kar
Diabetes mellitus is considered the most dreadful metabolic disorder which distressing the life of millions of people globally. Hyperglycemia is the characteristic feature of all types of diabetes, be it Type 1, Type 2, or gestational diabetes. Hyperglycemia due to diabetes results in various types of disorders like cardiovascular diseases, problems related to the kidney, as well as retina, and various other complications. Various therapeutic techniques have been employed to treat diabetes disease through the use of products synthesized chemically or biologically from different sources like microbes. Microbes are now gut microbiota that has been observed to play a chief role in the control of sugar levels in diabetes. The concept of personal bioremediation, in which the microbes of a healthy individual are transplanted into the gut of the diabetic patient, has been applied to treat diabetics. This is done to heal the imbalance of the microbes that lead to the cause of the disease. It has been found that acarbose (pseudotetrasaccharide) a product from Actinoplanes sp. SE has valienamine which is an aminocyclitol moiety. The product interferes with the activity of α-glucosidase and sucrase produced in the intestine and inhibits them. Now, this activity decreases the rate of starch breakdown thus controlling diabetes (Youmans et al., 2015). Paim, the α-amylase inhibitors from Streptomyces corchorushii and some oligosaccharide compounds like TAI-A, TAI-B produced by Streptomyces calvus TM-521 are found to be very instrumental in controlling diabetes (Hirayama et al., 1987). An inhibitor of pancreatic lipase known as Lipstatin produced by Streptomyces toxytricini intervenes with the fat absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. This strategy has been exploited to treat obesity and diabetes (Weibel et al., 1987).
Security Vulnerabilities of Quantitative-Analysis Frameworks
Published in Mohamed Ibrahim, Krishnendu Chakrabarty, Optimization of Trustworthy Biomolecular Quantitative Analysis Using Cyber-Physical Microfluidic Platforms, 2020
Mohamed Ibrahim, Krishnendu Chakrabarty
We use in-vitro measurement of glucose, which is a widely used quantitative-analysis clinical-diagnosis method for diabetes mellitus (hyperglycemia), as a case study. According to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2015 alone, 26.3 million people in the U.S. were diagnosed with diabetes [75]. A diabetic patient has to undergo regular glucose test for proper monitoring. Based on the blood glucose level, the amount of insulin to be injected into the patient is determined.
A review on artificial pancreas and regenerative medicine used in the management of Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2022
Pallavi Sachdeva, Ashrit R. M., Rahul Shukla, Ashish Sahani
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (often abbreviated as T1D or T1DM) affects nearly 15 in 100,000 people around the world, with the same number being met in Asia. It predominantly affects people under the age of 20 (nearly 85% of cases) and shows a strong genetic link [1–3]. Multiple studies have confirmed the long-standing suspicion that the chronic disease is true of autoimmune nature [4]. The beta cells in the pancreas responsible for insulin production are destroyed by defunct immunogenic agents resulting in an absolute insulin deficiency (the aetiology and pathogenesis are what contrasts it from type 2 diabetes where there is an increased insulin resistance compounds low insulin secretion leading to hyperglycaemia) [5]. Typical manifestations of the disease resulting from hyperglycaemia include frequent urination, excessive hunger and decreased wound healing [6]. The condition chronic hyperglycaemia and genetic variability causes the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the creation of proinflammatory microenvironment, and the induction of oxidative substances which lead to the development of vascular complications. Effects on small blood vessels cause microvascular complications, such as diabetic neuropathy nephropathy and retinopathy and effect on larger blood vessels to cause macrovascular complication, such as ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease [7,8]. The condition of diabetes (both type 1 and type2) increases the risk of stroke by five times [9].
Fish-oil supplementation improves retinal injury induced by diabetes and hypercholesterolemia in male Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2020
Hassan IH El-Sayyad, Doaa A. Ali, Mohamed E Hanafy
Experimental diabetes mellitus was induced by a single interperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) N-(Methylnitrosocarbamoyl)-α-D-glucosamine; Sigma-Aldrich, USA) in citrate buffer (0.05 M) (pH 4.5) plus 100 mg nicotinamide/kg.body weight [22]. Treatment was carried out for 16 weeks. Control animals were treated with physiological saline as a vehicle. Hyperglycemia was verified by measuring the blood glucose level by a glucometer and adjusted groups within the range of 180–220 mg/dL.