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Role of marine polysaccharides in treatment of metabolic disorders
Published in Antonio Trincone, Enzymatic Technologies for Marine Polysaccharides, 2019
Manigandan Venkatesan, Velusamy Arumugam, Rathinam Ayyasamy, Karthik Ramachadran, Subhapradha Namasivayam, Umamaheswari Sundaresan, Archunan Govindaraju, Ramachandran Saravanan
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Metabolic abnormalities in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins result from the importance of insulin as an anabolic hormone. Low levels of insulin needed to achieve adequate response and/or insulin resistance of target tissues, mainly skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and to a lesser extent, liver, at the level of insulin receptors, signal transduction system, and/or effector enzymes or genes are responsible for these metabolic abnormalities. The severity of symptoms is due to the type and duration of diabetes. Some diabetes patients are asymptomatic, especially those with type 2 diabetes during the early years of the disease; other patients have marked hyperglycemia, and especially children, with absolute insulin deficiency, may suffer from polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. Uncontrolled diabetes may lead to stupor, coma, and if not treated, may result in death due to ketoacidosis or, more rarely, from nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome (American Diabetes Association 2014; Craig et al. 2009; Galtier 2010).
Solid-State Gas Sensors for Clinical Diagnosis
Published in Krzysztof Iniewski, Biological and Medical Sensor Technologies, 2017
Breath acetone concentration is higher in diabetics than in healthy peoples and has been found to correlate with plasma-ketones and β-hydroxybutyrate concentration in venous blood [72]. The increase of ketone bodies in the blood results in ketoacidosis, a severe clinical condition in diabetics. Therefore, breath acetone is a suitable marker to monitor frequently and in a noninvasive way diabetics at risk for ketoacidosis [73,74]. An MOS sensor based on indium oxide for breath acetone detection has been found promising for the control of therapeutic ketogenic diets [75]. Pratsinis’ team built an extremely sensitive acetone detector based on a thin film of semiconducting, mixed ceramic nanoparticles as sensing element between a set of gold electrodes. It is sensitive enough to detect acetone at 20 parts per billion, a concentration that is 90 times lower than the level at which it can be found in the breath of diabetic patients [76].
Bioartificial organs
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Insulin is a small protein (6000 g mol−1) and the key hormone involved in the regulation of the body’s blood glucose levels. In diabetes, insulin is no longer produced by the β cells found in the islets of Langerhans. In the absence of insulin, glucose levels in the blood exceed normal values by several times. This is a result of the body’s cells not being able to metabolize glucose. Without the ability to use glucose as an energy source, the body responds by metabolizing fats and proteins with a corresponding increase in the body fluids of ketoacids such as acetoacetic acid. This excess acid results in a condition known as ketoacidosis, which, if left untreated, can lead to death.
Closed-loop insulin delivery: current status of diabetes technologies and future prospects
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2018
The goal of modern insulin therapy management is to mimic physiological pancreatic basal and bolus insulin release in response to a carbohydrate load as closely as possible (Figure 1) [4]. Insulin therapy is lifelong, as a sustainable cure for T1D has yet proved elusive. Insulin-delivery modality options include multiple daily injections (MDI) of insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), also known as the ‘insulin pump’ [5]. Acute insulin deficiency leads to diabetic ketoacidosis; a potentially life threatening disorder arising from the body’s inability to utilize glucose as a source of fuel. Metabolic consequences include lipolysis which results in ketogenesis and ketoacidosis [6]. Long-term poorly controlled diabetes is associated with micro and macrovascular complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular disease, respectively [7].