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Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles from Agricultural Waste
Published in Sefiu Adekunle Bello, Hybrid Polymeric Nanocomposites from Agricultural Waste, 2023
Hydrolysis is a reaction of a substance with water molecules leading to breaking down large molecules into smaller ones. It usually involves catalysis by proton or hydroxide (and sometimes inorganic ions such as phosphate ions) present in the aqueous solution, which plays the role of acid-base catalysis. Kumar and Negi [55] synthesised cellulose nanocrystals from sugarcane bagasse at two stages of chemically purified cellulose isolation from the wastes and then extraction of cellulose nanocrystals from the purified cellulose. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle is an important biomaterial used in orthopaedics, dentistry, and trauma surgery. It has been synthesised from animal shells and bones [56–58]. The processes involve cleaning (washing, etching, and drying between 110°C–120°C), crushing and grinding, calcination to form CaO, hydrothermal reaction for form hydroxyapatite, and finally size control using the reverse microemulsion method.
Utilization of Agro-Industrial Wastes for Biofuel Generation
Published in Anil Kumar Anal, Parmjit S. Panesar, Valorization of Agro-Industrial Byproducts, 2023
Rajeev K. Sukumaran, Meera Christopher, AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju, Meena Sankar, Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil, Valan Rebinro Gnanaraj, Anoop Puthiyamadam, Reshma M. Mathew, Velayudhan Pillai-Prasannakumari Adarsh
Many factors affect the yield in the hydrolysis process, including temperature, pH, the extent of mixing, concentrations of substrate and enzyme, and surfactant addition. Developing an economical process for the production of hydrolyzing enzymes is the main research focus since it is the key parameter that influences the cost of 2GE production. Lignin acts as the primary inhibitory factor in hydrolysis, but pre-treatment processes can remove a significant fraction of it, thereby improving the accessibility of enzymes. Product and by-product inhibition are other major limiting factors for hydrolysis.
Biowastes for Ethanol Production
Published in Ram K. Gupta, Tuan Anh Nguyen, Energy from Waste, 2022
Jeffin James Abraham, Christian Randell A. Arro, Ali A. El-Samak, Alaa H. Hawari, Deepalekshmi Ponnamma
The hydrolysis process is categorized based on the medium in which it is carried out; hence, it has two types: The first type is acid hydrolysis, and the second type is enzymatic hydrolysis. The first-generation biomass undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis, which is considered easier due to the presence of pure cellulose, which can be easily converted to glucose. On the contrary, the second-generation biomass includes a more complicated acid-based hydrolysis process due to the presence hemicellulose and lignin, which require further treatment to release glucose.
An overview of cotton and polyester, and their blended waste textile valorisation to value-added products: A circular economy approach – research trends, opportunities and challenges
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Karpagam Subramanian, Manas Kumar Sarkar, Huaimin Wang, Zi-Hao Qin, Shauhrat S. Chopra, Mushan Jin, Vinod Kumar, Chao Chen, Chi-Wing Tsang, Carol Sze Ki Lin
Müller (2016) proposed a biochemical process for textile waste containing flame-resistant synthetic fibers like aramid and enzymatically hydrolyzable fibers like viscose. First, enzymatic hydrolysis is used to obtain glucose, which can be used in bioethanol production. Solid additives that have been spun into viscose fibers are also released in the hydrolysis step, and can be filtered and potentially reused (Piribauer & Bartl, 2019). Finally, synthetic fibers are mechanically separated, and are re-spun into new yarns for new applications. The Resyntex project involved biochemical processing of: (1) cotton textile waste to obtain glucose (which can be fermented or used to synthesize other chemicals); (2) polyester into monomers (to create new PET bottles); (3) polyamide into polyamide oligomers (value-added chemicals); and (4) wool into protein hydrolysates (used as resins or adhesives). Researchers have also recommended the use of ionic liquids containing acetate and imidozolium as solvents to separate cotton and polyester from blended waste by dissolution of cellulosic fiber (cotton) in the ionic liquids, followed by filtration of polyester fiber and extensive rinsing with deionized water (Robinson, 2020). The cellulose–ionic liquid solution is used as a spinning dopant, and the recovered cellulose fiber is re-spun by wet spinning, making it an efficient operation in industrial applications. The original color of the recovered cotton is preserved, making dyeing an optional step (Ma et al., 2020).
pH-responsive PVC/PAN/SiO2 composite hollow fiber membrane based on polyacrylonitrile hydrolysed
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2021
Shuo Mei, Jinchao Li, Changfa Xiao, Shiyan Lu, Xiangwei Feng, Yong Yang
It was well known that the hydrolysis reaction was strongly controlled by several factors, such as the alkaline concentration, the reaction time, the reaction temperature, alkaline species and so on. In our study, the effect of NaOH concentration on performance of PVC/PAN/SiO2 composite membrane after the hydrolysis reaction was investigated. The permeation characterization of the composite membrane before or after hydrolysis such as pure water flux (PWF) and rejection was described in Figure 4. From the results of PWF and rejection of nascent composite membrane was much lower than the composite membrane after NaOH hydrolysis, indicating that, with the value of NaOH concentration higher, the better PWF and lower rejection would be obtained. The increase of NaOH concentration was of benefit to enhance the transfixion of the interfacial micro-voids between PVC and PAN, which occurred both on the surface and inner structure confirmed by FTIR and SEM. These experimental results manifested that the composite membrane pores turned to large after hydrolysis reaction and the hydrolysis degree could be increased by appropriately increasing NaOH concentration.
Xenobiotic metabolism and transport in Caenorhabditis elegans
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 2021
Jessica H. Hartman, Samuel J. Widmayer, Christina M. Bergemann, Dillon E. King, Katherine S. Morton, Riccardo F. Romersi, Laura E. Jameson, Maxwell C. K. Leung, Erik C. Andersen, Stefan Taubert, Joel N. Meyer
Hydrolysis reactions use water to break a chemical bond. Enzymes that perform hydrolysis reactions are referred to as hydrolases. Xenobiotic-metabolizing hydrolases include esterases, amidases, and epoxide hydrolases. Of those, only epoxide hydrolases were studied in detail in C. elegans. Although humans express four epoxide hydrolase isoforms including both membrane-bound (microsomal) and soluble (cytosolic) forms, C. elegans possesses only two isoforms, ceeh-1 and ceeh-2 (Harris et al. 2008). These are most orthologous with the EH3 and EH4 human isoforms, which are the most recently discovered and least well characterized among human isoforms but are postulated to predominantly metabolize lipids. The C. elegans enzymes were confirmed to exhibit endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolizing activities, with ceeh-1 displaying higher activity toward substrates compared to ceeh-2 (Harris et al. 2008). Further studies are needed to establish the substrate specificity of both isoforms, particularly for xenobiotic substrates.