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Electrochemical Transducers for Biosensors
Published in Sibel A. Ozkan, Bengi Uslu, Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Biosensors, 2023
Ali A. Ensafi, Parisa Nasr-Esfahani
Small molecule detection with high selectivity that ions do not disturb is difficult. Therefore, methods based on analyte-induced enzymatic reactions, inhibition of enzyme activities, antibodies, and aptamers are commonly used to identify small molecules. So far, many small molecules such as galactose, cholesterol, urea, and lactate have been detected using potentiometric biosensors. A disease in which the body cannot transform galactose to glucose is called galactosemia, a genetic disorder. The treatment for this disease is to avoid eating foods containing galactose. Therefore, it is very important to provide easy-to-use and straightforward tools for detecting galactose in nutrition and the blood of these patients outside of labs. Bouri et al. reported a disposable, low-cost, and simple paper-based potentiometric biosensor for galactose detection in whole blood.
Medium Design for Cell Culture Processing
Published in Wei-Shou Hu, Cell Culture Bioprocess Engineering, 2020
Galactose and fructose do not get phosphorylated at their C6 position and enter the glycolysis pathway directly. They can serve as the main hexose source for cells through alternative entry points to glycolysis. Galactose is phosphorylated at C1 to become galactose 1-phosphate, and then through a transferase and an epimerase catalyzed reaction it becomes glucose 1-phosphate, which is converted to glucose 6-phosphate. Fructose, once in the cytosol, is converted to fructose 1-phosphate and split into dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate and glyceraldehyde by aldolase. Both are then converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and enters glycolysis (Figure 7.4).
Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Applications of Natural Carbohydrate Polymer Gum Tragacanth
Published in Amit Kumar Nayak, Md Saquib Hasnain, Dilipkumar Pal, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, 2019
Madhusmita Dhupal, Mukesh Kumar Gupta, Dipti Ranjan Tripathy, Mohit Kumar, Dong Kee Yi, Sitansu Sekhar Nanda, Devasish Chowdhury
Both fractions of Trag contain small amounts of methoxyl groups and proteinaceous material, the latter present in higher amounts in the water-soluble fraction (Anderson and Bridgeman, 1985) (Figure 3.2). Partial part of the chemical structure with main chemical building units of gum tragacanth (GT). (a) β-D-xylose, (b) L-arabinose, (c) α-D-galacturonic acid, (d) α-D-galacturonic acid methylester, (e) β-D-galactose, (f) a-L-fucose.
Potential of “coalho” cheese whey as lactose source for β-galactosidase and ethanol co-production by Kluyveromyces spp. yeasts
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2020
Catherine Teixeira de Carvalho, Sérgio Dantas de Oliveira Júnior, Wildson Bernardino de Brito Lima, Fábio Gonçalves Macêdo de Medeiros, Ana Laura Oliveira de Sá Leitão, Everaldo Silvino dos Santos, Gorete Ribeiro de Macedo, Francisco Caninde de Sousa Júnior
The genes LAC12 and LAC4 are found in the strain K. lactis NRRL Y-8279, and they are responsible for the codification of lactose-permease and ß-galactosidade enzymes, respectively, which play different roles in this process. Lactose-permease enzymes promote the lactose transport through the plasma membrane into the yeast cells, while the β-gal is responsible for the hydrolysis of lactose (disaccharide) into two monosaccharides, glucose and galactose. These two sugars are metabolized via glycolysis, however, before attending this metabolic route, galactose is converted into a glycolytic intermediate, the glucose-6-phosphate, via the Leloir pathway, by the action of three enzymes galactokinase, galactose-1-P-uridil transferase and UDP-galactose-4-epimerase.[39,40]
Cow's milk as a post-exercise recovery drink: implications for performance and health
Published in European Journal of Sport Science, 2019
Lewis J. James, Emma J. Stevenson, Penny L. S. Rumbold, Carl J. Hulston
Alongside muscle glycogenolysis, exercise, at least in the absence of substantial carbohydrate ingestion, induces liver glycogenolysis, meaning resynthesis might be necessary post-exercise (Gonzalez, Fuchs, Betts & van Loon, 2016). Although research in this area is limited, it appears that the type of carbohydrate ingested might influence the liver glycogen resynthesis response (Decombaz et al., 2011). Galactose, one of the monosaccharides that makes up the milk sugar lactose is preferentially metabolised by the liver (Gonzalez et al., 2016). Indeed, post-exercise liver glycogen resynthesis following galactose ingestion is increased compared to glucose ingestion and similar compared to fructose ingestion (Decombaz et al., 2011). Therefore, as well as providing substrate for muscle glycogen resynthesis, ingestion of milk post-exercise might also provide a preferential substrate to enhance/accelerate liver glycogen resynthesis, particularly if it replaces glucose in the recovery diet.