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Chemical Composition of Biomass
Published in Jean-Luc Wertz, Philippe Mengal, Serge Perez, Biomass in the Bioeconomy, 2023
Jean-Luc Wertz, Philippe Mengal, Serge Perez
The six-carbon sugars include: D-glucose, most abundant sugar in the biosphere;D-mannose, a C2 epimer of D-glucose;D-galactose, a C4 epimer of D-glucose;L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose);L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose);D-galacturonic acid, an oxidized form of D-galactose having a carboxylic group at C6 is the main component of pectins;D-glucuronic acid is an oxidized form of glucose with a carboxylic group at C6, and its 4-O-methyl derivative. A certain proportion of these D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acids are in the methyl ester form.
Structure and Biosynthesis of Hemicelluloses
Published in Jean-Luc Wertz, Magali Deleu, Séverine Coppée, Aurore Richel, Hemicelluloses and Lignin in Biorefineries, 2017
Jean-Luc Wertz, Magali Deleu, Séverine Coppée, Aurore Richel
The six-carbon sugars include D-glucose, most abundant sugar in the biosphere.D-mannose, a C2 epimer of D-glucose.D-galactose, a C4 epimer of D-glucose.L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose).L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose).D-galacturonic acid, an oxidized form of D-galactose having a carboxylic group at C6; it is the main component of pectins.D-glucuronic acid, an oxidized form of glucose having a carboxylic group at C6, and its 4-O-methyl derivative. A certain proportion of these D-galacturonic and D-glucuronic acids are in the methyl ester form.
The Development of Improved Therapeutics through a Glycan- “Designer” Approach
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
The knowledge about glycan receptors allows a design of a tailored conjugate. An example here would be peptide with mannose glycan capable of binding to mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and leading to activation of complement system, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Conjugation of peptides or proteins with mannose is a very simple process and requires C-2 epimer of glucose as a substrate or a d-mannosamine. C-mannosylation consist of a unique C-C bond linking C1 of Man to C2 of the indole ring of tryptophan and its post-translational modification found in mammalian cells.
Guerbet glycolipids from mannose: liquid crystals properties
Published in Liquid Crystals, 2018
Melonney Patrick, N. Idayu Zahid, Manfred Kriechbaum, Rauzah Hashim
The word ‘mannose’ or ‘mannitol’ is derived from manna, which appears in both the Bible (The Bible 16.31) and the Quran (The Qur’an 2.57) and refers to the food (of plant origin?) God provided the Israelites during their exodus. That aside, mannose is obtained from mannan, hemicellulose or cellulose of both plant and microorganism origins via chemical hydrolysis or enzymatic processes [1]. Common sources of mannose include spent coffee grounds (21%) [2], baker’s yeast (16%) [3] and Chinese jujube (13%) [4]. Fruit like orange peel [5], mango [6] and cranberries [7] also contain mannose. It has a wide range of applications including a source of dietary supplements, as starting material for the synthesis of drugs and in the treatment of urinary-tract infections [1,8]. Chemically mannose is a simple sugar from the aldohexose series and is a C-2 epimer of glucose [9] with a small structural difference – the hydroxyl group is at the ring C-2 position axial instead of equatorial (in glucose), but the physical behaviours of mannose differ from those of glucose [10]. Furthermore, the two possible stereoisomers (α/β-d-mannose) from the two likely orientations (axial/equatorial) of the hydroxyl group at the C-1 position are different since α-d-mannose is a sweet-tasting sugar, while β-d-mannose tastes bitter [1]. The physical and chemical properties of these monosaccharides depend upon the molecular shape, stereochemistry and the extent of hydrogen bonding interactions.