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Graphene from Sugar and Sugarcane Extract
Published in Amir Al-Ahmed, Inamuddin, Graphene from Natural Sources, 2023
Akanksha R. Urade, Rita Joshi, K.S. Suresh, Indranil Lahiri
In the present era of carbon and related materials, the research community is working to explore different carbonaceous materials. Tang et al. (2018) fabricated a different type of glassy carbon known as graphene microcrystal (GMC) from lignin. Usually, petroleum, coal, or natural gases are the traditional precursors of glassy carbon. But the overconsumption of these fossil fuels is an important issue. To deal with the growing environmental and ecological problems, biomass is the perfect replacement. The lignin is the renewable biomass that can be extracted from sugarcane bagasse. Tang et al. (2018) refined lignin from sugarcane bagasse and further fabricated GMC by two techniques: the pyrolysis of lignin in a tubular furnace and hydrothermal carbonization of lignin, followed by pyrolysis. The TEM, XRD, and Raman spectra of GMC are very close to previously reported rGO images and are shown in Figure 1.14.
Natural Gas, Crude Oil, Heavy Crude Oil, Extra-Heavy Crude Oil, and Tar Sand Bitumen
Published in James G. Speight, Refinery Feedstocks, 2020
Lignocellulosic fibers extracted from plants such as hemp and flax can replace cotton and polyester fibers in textile materials and glass fibers in insulation products. Lignin is a complex chemical that is most commonly derived from wood and is an integral part of the cell wall of plants. The chemical structure of lignin is unknown and, at best, can only be represented by hypothetical formulas.
Nanocatalysts from Biomass and for the Transformation of Biomass
Published in Vanesa Calvino-Casilda, Antonio José López-Peinado, Rosa María Martín-Aranda, Elena Pérez-Mayoral, Nanocatalysis, 2019
The components of the biomass can be transformed under the appropriate conditions into added-value chemicals. In this regard, the hydrolysis of cellulose leads to glucose monomers, which can be used for the production of fuel alcohol or other chemicals by fermentation. The hydrolysis of carbohydrates and sugars contained in the hemicellulose produces fructose and C5 monosaccharides, which are the substrates for the production of furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and its derivatives. The lignin is a potential feedstock to obtain higher value fuels and chemicals. The triglycerides (from oil seed feedstocks) can be hydrolytically converted into fatty acids plus glycerol, and finally, the proteins can be transformed into amino acids.
Spheronized drug microcarrier system from canola straw lignin
Published in Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 2023
Liming Zhang, Antonia Svärd, Ulrica Edlund
Lignin is a vastly abundant yet widely underutilized renewable resource with high potential commercial value. However, its efficient utilization, either as a polymer or as a feedstock for lower molecular weight derivatives, is currently problematic because of the irregular morphology and inhomogeneity of lignin. Lignin is an irregularly branched polyphenolic polyether with three primary monolignol building blocks: p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. Structural units are connected via different kinds of ether linkages (C-O-C) and aromatic/non-aromatic C – C bonds in the lignin polymer, which involve mainly guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units, and, in some plants, smaller amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl (H). Lignin structure and composition vary depending on the biomass origin and extraction method. Grass lignins are quite different from lignin found in perennial plants, such as wood lignin [1]. Moreover, lignin is typically isolated from lignocellulosic biomass in the pulping industry, mostly used for energy recovery and yet a largely untapped byproduct of material valorization. The isolation processes alter the native structure, morphology, and particle size of lignin due to irreversible condensations and the cleavage of chemical linkages [2,3]. Such treatments complicate the structure of native heterogeneous lignins and alter molecular weight distributions.
Optimizing the grass bio methanation in lab scale reactor utilizing response surface methodology
Published in Biofuels, 2023
Harshal Warade, Khalid Ansari, Kul Bhaskar, Zeba Naaz, Mohammad Amir Khan, Nadeem A. Khan, Sasan Zahmatkesh, Mostafa Hajiaghaei-Keshteli
As per the chemical composition shown in Figure 6, the moisture content is decreasing in its percentage with respect to time in ranges from 81 to 64.16%. The same decreasing trend was seen in the cellulose and hemicellulose properties of NG because in the same duration of time, the cellulose percentage ranges from 32.82 to 25.6%; and hemicelluloses from 45.34 to 33.47%. Cellulose and hemicelluloses are polymers which lose their softness of cell matter and harden with the course of time. Lignin is a polymer which has non-carbohydrate matters of plants which provides strength and hardness to the cell wall. Naturally, during the considered 2 months it showed its increase with the passage of time ranging from 16.5 to 34%. It adversely affects the production of biogas because it reduces the biodegradable matter and increases the fibrous content according to higher blending combination which are hardly degradable. Ash is the fixed content which are never degradable and increases but to some extent. Obviously, it prohibits the production of biogas. During the study period, the ash contents ranges from 5.34 to 6.93%.
State of art review on the incorporation of fibres in asphalt pavements
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2023
Shenghua Wu, Ara Haji, Ian Adkins
Plant fibres come from various parts of plants such as their seeds, bast, leaves and fruits. Some common types of plant fibres come from cotton, coconuts, jute and hemp. In terms of chemical composition, plant fibres consist of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose, extractive and ash-forming. Cellulose is a polymer that forms strands that make up cell walls. Lignin is a complex polymer deposited in the cell walls, making the cell walls rigid and woody. Since the major constituents of plants are cellulose and lignin, they potentially are an abundant asphalt material resource. From the collected literature, the major plant fibres used in asphalt materials include coconut fibre (coir), cellulose, lignin, corn stalk, cotton, hemp, jute, sisal and banana, which are all discussed separately.