Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Essential Oils
Published in Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul, Microbial Biofilms, 2020
Mohd Sajjad Ahmad Khan, Mohd Musheer Altaf
The prominent antifungal agents being used in clinical settings are categorized into four main classes: azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, and pyrimidine analogues (5-fluorocytosine). Additionally, allylamines are regularly used against superficial fungal infections (Gupta et al. 2017). However, the existing antimicrobial treatments are capable to deal with various forms of fungal diseases, but the drug toxicity and development of drug resistance have challenged the current armamentarium of antifungals. The increase in resistance against azoles and echinocandins and cross-resistance to at least 2 antifungal classes, i.e., multi-drug resistance are worrying trends, mainly in large tertiary and oncology hospitals. Many workers have witnessed increased antifungal resistance and multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Candida spp. (Farmakiotis and Kontoyiannis 2017). In addition, azole resistance in Aspergillus spp. has been described globally, and such resistant strains can produce invasive infections with high mortality rates (Verweij et al. 2016). Moreover, existing antimicrobial treatments are commonly associated with therapeutic failure due to the formation of drug-tolerant biofilms (Davies 2003; Morace et al. 2014; Van Acker et al. 2014; Muzny and Schwebke 2015).
Orbital Tuning of Ruthenium Polyimine Complexes by Ligand Design: From Basic Principles to Applications
Published in Ajay Kumar Mishra, Lallan Mishra, Ruthenium Chemistry, 2018
Joe Otsuki, Guohua Wu, Ryuji Kaneko, Yayoi Ebata
An aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycle commonly used as a ligand can either be a six-membered or five-membered ring. The six-membered rings are called azines; pyridine is the prominent example of azines. Azines are generally π-deficient and have relatively low π* orbitals which allow good metal-to-ligand back-bonding by accepting t2g electrons from the metal. On the other hand, the five-membered rings are called azoles; pyrrole is an example which contains one nitrogen atom as a ring-constituting member. Azoles are generally more π-electron-rich aromatic systems. Further, azoles contain a NH unit that can release a proton if proton acceptor (base) is present. Thus, pH-responsive ruthenium complexes may be prepared using an azole ligand.
Algorithm to assess the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus resistant strains: The case of Norwegian sawmills
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Carla Viegas, Beatriz Almeida, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Anani Afanou, Anne Straumfors, Cristina Veríssimo, Paulo Gonçalves, Raquel Sabino
In addition to environmental use of azole fungicides for protection of spruce and pine fields, other activities such as wood processing, preservation and maintenance also employ azole fungicides (Jeanvoine et al. 2017). Sawmills processing resinous woods frequently use azole fungicides to protect wood from phytopathogenic fungi that cause wood deterioration making wood unworkable (Gisi 2014). Propiconazole and tebuconazole are the principal azole molecules used in sawmill environments. In fact, these two molecules are among the five 14α-demethylase inhibitors (DMIs) related to clinical azoles and causing the increase of azole antifungal resistance (Snelders et al. 2012). Wood is typically treated by sinking boards into a mixture of several fungicides. Although the recommendations for their correct management may be followed, azole residues are still spread through the environment and can pollute all the environmental compartments (water, air and soil). These azole molecules have an important negative impact through their toxicity and persistence in the environment (Chowdhary et al. 2013). Additionally, the presence of azole pressure in this occupational environment may boost the persistence of azole-resistant fungal strains (Snelders et al. 2012; Verweij et al. 2013).
Synthesis and evaluation of novel benzimidazole derivatives as potential anti bacterial and anti fungal agents
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Vishwajeet Amarsingh Pardeshi, Sultan Pathan, Amit Bhargava, Narendra Singh Chundawat, Girdhar Pal Singh
Recently, the incidence of systemic fungal infection has become an important complication and a significant cause of disorder and fatality in immune-compromised individuals such as patients going through anticancer chemotherapy or organ transplants. In recent therapeutic chemistry and drug designing [1,2], benzimidazole is becoming the first choice for researchers and scientists because of its potential biological activity [3]. Therefore, it becomes an interesting impression for medicinal chemistry researchers. Most of the types of scaffolds are known for their multiple beneficial uses such as their anti-inflammatory [4–6] antibacterial [7–11] antifungal [12–15] antioxidant [16–21] antimalarial [22], anticancer [23,24], antiparastitic [25]. According to the mechanism and from the known six classes of antifungal agents: ergosterol (fungal) synthesis inhibitors (which are class of azoles: voriconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole) Figure 1, glucan mixture inhibitors (caspofungin and echinocandins), ergosterol interfering (polyenes antibiotics: amphotericin B), squalene epoxidase inhibitors (terbinafine and naftifine), chitin combination inhibitors (nikkomycin), and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors (5-fluorocytosine).
Settled dust assessment in clinical environment: useful for the evaluation of a wider bioburden spectrum
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Carla Viegas, Beatriz Almeida, Ana Monteiro, Inês Paciência, João Cavaleiro Rufo, Elisabete Carolino, Anita Quintal-Gomes, Magdalena Twarużek, Robert Kosicki, Geneviéve Marchand, Liliana Aranha Caetano, Susana Viegas
Whereas Rhizopus growth in voriconazole constitutes no surprise, as Mucorales are intrinsically resistant to Candida- and Aspergillus-active antifungal azole drugs, such as voriconazole (Macedo et al. 2018), Chrysosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. growth in azole-media can be due to the development of secondary resistance to azole-based antifungals (Eliopoulos et al. 2002). This is a significant clinical concern, as fungal infections with drug-resistant strains are difficult to treat. In high-risk patients (e.g. immunocompromised), the exclusion of azole-based antifungals due to resistance can dramatically limit drug choices for prophylaxis and first-line treatment of fungal invasive diseases and increase mortality rates for patients.