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Pollution
Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, 2020
Vera Lucia S.S. de Castro, Paola Poli
Furthermore, the DNA damage itself can activate genes codifying proteins involved in DNA repair and/or induce the apoptosis process, when the genes associated with this process are activated. Although broad consensus is still lacking concerning the guidelines for the reproducibility of experiments, toxicogenomic studies could lead to development of early biomarkers of toxic injury and may also help to resolve issues related to interspecies extrapolation and susceptibility variation among individuals.[122] As an application of this toxicogenomic approach, a study[32] reports data that linked genomic data to specific toxicological endpoints of the antifungal triazole, which causes varying degrees of hepatic toxicity and disrupts steroid hormone homeostasis in rodent in vivo models. Overall, these analyses revealed functional categories of chemical response genes that indicate mechanisms and provide direction for further research on triazole mechanisms of action.
P
Published in Joseph C. Salamone, Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia, 2020
There are two types of triazole rings: 1,2,3-triazole 1 and 1,2,4-triazole 2. However, no polymers containing the former ring have been reported yet, though a large number of low molecular weight compounds derived from 1 or 1.2.3- benzotriazole 3 are known in organic chemistry.1 This may result from the far greater synthetic difficulty of 1.2.3- triazole polymers than 1,2,4-triazole ones, and this article is confined only to the latter polymers. 1,2,4-benzotriazole ring is not possible without a nitrogen atom at a ring junction (Structures 1–3).
Catalytic Application of Magnetic Nanocomposites
Published in Sam Zhang, Dongliang Zhao, Advances in Magnetic Materials, 2017
One-pot synthesis of triazole was developed; the process occurred through the cascade reaction of benzyl bromides, alkyne, and sodium azide. Amine ligands 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysiliane (APTS) and [3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]-trimethoxysilane (AAPTS) could react with MNPs Fe3O4@SiO2 and generated amino groups-functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 [174]. The supported amino ligands could coordinate with CuBr to form Fe3O4@SiO2-APTS-CuBr and Fe3O4@SiO2-AAPTS CuBr as shown in Figure 10.15a and b, respectively. Both catalysts were highly active for the above cascade reactions to form corresponding triazoles in good to excellent yields with 100% selectivity in a mixed medium of water and PEG 400 under microwave irradiation [174]. Very low yields were reported when aliphatic halides were used for the cascade reaction due to their poor microwave absorbing properties, base dielectric constants, and formation of 1,3-diynes byproduct [174]. Wang et al. functionalized MNPs γ-Fe2O3@SiO2 with tris(triazolyl) groups and further metalized it with CuBr to form MNPs-supported tris(triazolyl)Cu(I) complex as presented in Figure 10.15c [175]. The complex was reported to be a highly active catalyst in alkyne azide cycloaddition reaction between benzyl azide and phenylacetylene in water media at room temperature. A high isolated yield of 97% was reached after 20 h with a Cu loading amount of 0.5 mol% [175]. The catalyst showed excellent recoverability with sustained activity and negligible leaching of Cu. Indeed, around 1.5 ppm leaching of Cu was detected based on inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry analysis. In addition, the catalyst was also applicable to the one-pot cascade synthesis of triazoles and dendrimer synthesis via triazolyl linkers [175].
The synthesis of biologically active 1-sulfonyl-1, 2, 3-triazoles from sulfonyl azides and alkynes: a focus review
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2023
Mustafa M. Kadhim, Evan Abdulkareem Mahmood, Mohammad Reza Poor Heravi, Somayeh Soleimani-Amiri, Abdol Ghaffar Ebadi, Esmail Vessally
The azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition has become an efficient, practical, and economical approach to synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles as this reaction have a 100% atom economy and avoids pre-functionalization of the starting materials. In this family of reactions, [3 + 2] cycloaddition between alkynes and sulfonyl azides into 1-sulfonyl-1, 2, 3-triazoles has recently attracted considerable attention because of the diverse range of their synthetic applications and biological properties. Although impressive progress has been made in this interesting research field, some challenging problems remain unsolved yet. For example: (i) generally, the above cycloaddition is limited to the use of terminal alkynes. Thus, many more studies are further needed to development of efficient procedures that allow use of internal alkynes; and (ii) the number of reported examples in the synthesis of 1-(N-sulfonyl)-5-substituted 1,2,3-triazoles are too narrow and there is further need to study the scope and limitations of these reactions.
A review on the biomedical efficacy of transition metal triazole compounds
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Sajjad Hussain Sumrra, Wardha Zafar, Muhammad Imran, Zahid Hussain Chohan
To overcome the rapid development of drug resistance in microbes, it is necessary to do structural optimization or modification of existing antibiotics by improving their spectrum of activity and binding affinity but maintaining their safety profiles and bioavailability [7]. Heterocyclic ring systems have been explored for developing pharmacologically important molecules. Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen have been acknowledged as biologically active [8]. Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds comprising of high nitrogen content has been expanding over the past decade as a result of their promising applications in different fields, especially in medicinal chemistry [9]. Triazoles as well as their triazole-heterocyclic fused derivatives have proficient biological as well as synthetic significance. Azolic derivatives such as triazole, thiazole, thiadizole and oxazole are pharmacologically active compounds [10–13]. Triazoles are frequently utilized in medicinal chemistry and have been extensively investigated for different biological activities. Based on their excellent therapeutic index together with safety profile, they are included in the class of antimicrobials [14].
A review on the efficacy and medicinal applications of metal-based triazole derivatives
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2020
Sajjad Hussain Sumrra, Umme Habiba, Wardha Zafar, Muhammad Imran, Zahid Hussain Chohan
The increasing rate of microbial resistance as well as the emergence of new pathogens have become a challenge in medicinal chemistry [1]. Development of new antimicrobial agents having different chemical features from those of already existing antimicrobial drugs is necessary [2]. The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds, especially of triazole compounds has received substantial attention in advanced pharmaceutical chemistry due to their effective pharmacological properties [3]. Triazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds with molecular formula C2H3N3, having three nitrogen and two carbon atoms in their ring. Triazole has two isomeric forms i.e. 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole, which exhibit tautomerism depending on the position of hydrogen as shown in Figure 1 [5]. From the discovery of triazole, the derivatives of triazole are fascinating with a variety of biological activities [6] including anti-HIV [7], antifungal [8], antibacterial [9], anti-tuberculosis [10], anti-inflammatory [11], anti-convulsant [12], and anti-cancer activities [13]. There are various commercially available antifungal drugs which contain 1,2,4-triazole nucleus in their chemical structures; some of these drugs are shown in Figure 2 [4].