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Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Metal azides are inorganic explosive compounds composed of the N3 ion attached to a metal. Heavy metal azides are very explosive when heated or shaken. These include silver azide (AgN3) and lead azide (PbN3). Lead azide is more explosive than other azides and is used in detonators that initiate secondary explosives. Sodium azide, NaN3, decomposes explosively upon heating above 275°C. It releases diatomic nitrogen and is used in airbag and airline escape chute deployment. It is highly toxic and behaves like cyanide inside the body (chemical asphyxiation). Response personnel should be very careful around automobile accidents where airbags have deployed. The white powder residue is likely to contain sodium azide. Most inorganic and organic azides are prepared directly or indirectly from sodium azide. Sodium azide is used in the production of metal azide explosive compounds and as a detonator.
Explosive terrorism characteristics of explosives and explosions
Published in Robert A. Burke, Counter-Terrorism for Emergency Responders, 2017
Sodium azide, sodium trinitride, smite, or azium is the inorganic compound with the formula NaN3. This colorless salt is the gas-forming component in many car airbag systems. It is used for the preparation of other azide compounds. It is an ionic substance, highly soluble in water, and very acutely toxic. Sodium azide has caused deaths for decades. It is a severe poison. It may be fatal if it comes in contact with skin or if swallowed. Even minute amounts can cause symptoms. The toxicity of this compound is comparable to that of soluble alkali cyanides and the lethal dose for an adult human is about 0.7 g. No toxicity has been reported from spent airbags. Azide inhibits cytochrome oxidase by binding irreversibly to the heme cofactor in a process similar to the action of carbon monoxide. Sodium azide particularly affects organs that undergo high rates of respiration, such as the heart and the brain. It produces extrapyramidal symptoms with necrosis of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. Toxicity may also include hypotension, blindness, and hepatic necrosis. Sodium azide increases cyclic GMP levels in brain and liver by activation of guanylate cyclase.
Introductory Guidelines for the Use of This Manual
Published in V. Dean Adams, Water and Wastewater Examination Manual, 2017
Azides: Sodium azide is used in a number of procedures including the test for dissolved oxygen. It is toxic and reacts with acid to produce the still more toxic hydrazoic acid. When discharged to a drain, it may react with and accumulate on copper or lead plumbing fixtures. The metal azides are explosive and detonate readily. Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and skin exposure. Destroy azides by adding a concentrated solution of sodium nitrite, NaNO2 (1.5 g NaNO2/g sodium azide). To remove accumulated metal azides from drainpipes and traps, treat overnight with a 10% solution of sodium hydroxide.
Burning Rate Characterization of Guanidine Nitrate and Basic Copper Nitrate Gas Generants with Metal Oxide Additives
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
Andrew J. Tykol, F. A. Rodriguez, J. C. Thomas, E. L. Petersen
The automotive industry utilizes gas generants for rapid gas production in airbag applications. Desirable design properties of such gas generants include rapid and large gas production, low combustion temperatures, and low-toxicity combustion products. Early airbags relied on alkali metal, azide-based gas generants, predominantly sodium azide (NaN3). Sodium azide was popular due to its reasonable gas output, low reaction temperature, and nontoxic combustion products (pure nitrogen gas), but there are numerous disadvantages to this gas generant as well (Meyer, Köhler, Homburg 2007). Prior to combustion, sodium azide is highly toxic, having an LD50 of 45 mg/kg, requiring special handling during manufacturing as well as end-of-useful-life disposal (Lund and Blau 1996). This chemical is also hazardous if it undergoes hydrolysis, producing highly toxic and potentially explosive hydrazoic acid (HN3). With the many exceedingly dangerous properties of sodium azide, there has been a push to find superior gas generants that still meet the required gas output and toxicity requirements of modern airbag systems.
A new end-on azido-bridged dicopper(II) complex; syntheses, structure, solvatochromism, magnetic properties, and DFT study
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018
Sara Koohzad, Hamid Golchoubian, Zvonko Jagličić
Caution!Complexes containing azide are potentially explosive. Although we never experienced any problems during synthesis or analysis, the compound should be synthesized only in small quantities and handled with great care!
Two 1D chain complexes based on N,N′-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)pyromellitic diimide and fluorescence azide sensing
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Xin-Min Huang, Guo-Bi Li, Rong-Kai Pan, Sheng-Gui Liu, Jiang-Li Song
Azide anion is a toxic and potentially deadly species by irreversibly binding to the heme cofactor in hemoglobin.[1] Azide anion dissolves easily in water and pollute the water, which affect the ecosystem.[2] The azide is used widely in various industrial applications, such as the preparation of biocides, laboratory preservatives, detonators for explosives, used in vehicle airbags.[3] Because of its toxicity, the determination of azide anion in chemical, biological samples, environmental is of great practical significance.[4] Fluorescent analysis is convenient because of inexpensive instrumentation, easy operation, fast responsibility, high sensitivity and low background signal compared to other instrumental analysis methods.[5–9] Pyromellitic diimide has high fluorescence intensity in solution, high thermal stability, chemical stability and excellent electrical conductivity.[10–12] Pyromellitic diimide derivatives are used as gas absorption, self-assembly, aggregation, drug delivery, chemical catalysis, molecular machines, molecular recognition, and chemosensors.[13–16] The coordination polymers have been attracted extensive attention for their unique properties and structural diversity.[17–19] The coordination polymers based on naphthalenediimide ligands with pyridyl substituent have attracted great interests from researchers owing to their structural novelty and tremendous potential applications.[20–22] The structural diversity of coordination polymers often depends on organic ligands, metal ion, counteranion, pH value, and other factors.[23,24] 1D chain coordination polymers have topological simplicity, and can be used to investigate the anion effect on the supramolecular structure.[25–27] We have previously synthesized a various of 1D, 2D, 3D coordination polymers assembly with pyromellitic diimide ligands.[28–30] In this work, 4-pmpmd having Z-mode and U-mode two conformations was synthesized (Supplementary material Scheme S1). Herein, we used 4-pmpmd ligand to construct two 1D chain coordination polymers. The weak interaction of 4-pmpmd ligand and anions has effect on the 1D chain supramolecular structures.