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Resistive Sensors: Fundamentals to Applications
Published in Ankur Gupta, Mahesh Kumar, Rajeev Kumar Singh, Shantanu Bhattacharya, Gas Sensors, 2023
The world is experiencing rampant activities of terrorism for the past few decades. Most of the attacks are accomplished or aided with explosives as these are easy to implant and cause huge damage to civilians. Whether it be in Boston (US, 2013) or be it in New Jersey (US, 2016) or in Nice (France, 2003) or Mumbai (India, 2008) or multiple attacks in Jammu and Kashmir, India or hundreds of similar incidents, all the explosive attacks have claimed many lives or had multiple casualties. Timely detection and demining of the bombs are of paramount importance for homeland security. Currently, imaging techniques are used to detect explosives, but due to the development of camouflaged deploying and delivery schemes, this detection technique is no more effective. The explosives emit vapors like TNT, DNT, NT, RDX, etc. and hence, sniffer dogs have proved to be more useful in detecting concealed explosives [85]. Due to rising security concerns, explosive detectors are required to be placed in all public places wherever crowd gatherings are expected. In such scenarios, sniffer dogs cannot serve the purpose, and the development of the electronic olfaction system is indispensable. Like in the case of the two applications mentioned above, an efficient olfaction system can be developed using an array of resistive sensors. Though developing resistive sensors-based explosive detection is quite challenging because of the lower vapor pressures of the chemicals used in the explosives, this method offers a promising future.
Comparison of TNT to PE4 charge using a simplified rigid torso
Published in Alphose Zingoni, Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems, 2022
T. Pandelani, D. Modungwa, S. Hamilton, J.D. Reinecke
The use of explosives can cause severe injuries and even death. To reduce the severity of human injury from these explosions research is being carried out in the realm of blast protection. It is important to understand the complexity, paths and pressure range of the blast waves associated with different explosives used in IEDs to design protection that will attenuate those effects. IEDs are made of various explosives, and it will be better to compare them using TNT.
Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
Explosives in the United States are regulated by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) in fixed storage and the DOT when in transit. Ammonium nitrate fertilizer is not regulated by the ATF because it is not an explosive. Ammonium nitrate is regulated by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for security purposes. DOT classifies ammonium nitrate as an oxidizer. The NFPA covers storage requirements for ammonium nitrate and other chemicals in their Standard, NFPA 400.
Facile solvothermal syntheses of isostructural lanthanide(III) formates: Photocatalytic, photoluminescent chemosensing properties, and proficient precursors for metal oxide nanoparticles
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Sidra Farid, Saima Ameen, Shahzad Sharif, Madiha Tariq, Israr Ahmad Kundi, Onur Sahin, Muhammd Hassan Sayyad, Islam Ullah Khan
Besides water security, homeland security is also important with sensitive and efficient methods for rapid detection of explosives needed. Sophisticated instrumental techniques like GCMS, Raman spectroscopy, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), and some simple approaches, including metal detectors and canines, are commonly used for explosive detection [31, 32]. Instrumental methods are expensive and challenging to use at onsite field testing; metal detectors are only suitable for metal containing explosive gadgets while canines are expensive, quickly exhausted and require proper care. Nitro-aromatics are compounds frequently used in explosives. Picric acid and trinitrotoluene are the two most common compounds of this class used in fireworks, rocket fuels, landmines, matches, dyes, pesticides, and many other commodities [33]. Picric acid is a more powerful explosive than trinitrotoluene and has a low safety coefficient. It can cause severe liver malfunction, respiratory disorders, dermatological issues, and many other chronic diseases [34]. Fluorescence sensing is the most sensitive, portable, cost-efficient method for nitro-aromatic detection and also requires simple instrumentation, facile sample preparation, and quick response.
Synergistic effect of bacterial consortium on the biodegradation of nitroglycerin in aqueous medium through laboratory-scale bioreactor process
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2019
G. Vanitha, S. Rajakumar, P. M. Ayyasamy
Explosive compounds may enter into the environment during their production, disposal, storage or usage resulting in contamination of surface water and groundwater. NG transport increases when organic matter and clay content decreases (Clausen, Scott, and Osgerby 2011). The rate of transport and transformation are governed by the physico-chemical properties of the explosive compounds, environmental factors and biological factors including the presence and absence of explosives degrading microorganisms. Wastewater from the explosive industries contains more amount of NG. It also has partial nitrated by-products like glycerol dinitrate (GDN) and glycerol mononitrate (GMN). NG causes several health hazards, especially in the environment and human beings. Infrequent exposure to high dose of NG leads to severe headaches, decrease systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures due to vascular dilation. Chronic exposure of NG has been associated with an increased incidence of sudden death (Occupational safety and health guidelines for NG and ethylene glycol dinitrate, 1988).
Response to The Electric Brain
Published in Journal of Responsible Innovation, 2018
In contemplating government intervention in DIY tDCS technology, it quickly becomes clear that DIY tDCS would be extremely difficult to regulate. First, the device can be constructed from readily available components by following a step-by-step guide available on YouTube (address: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X8PFqNTcrdA). Internet or other public discussions of how to construct a tDCS device cannot be regulated under any existing statute in the way that something like bomb-making can be. In the United States, explosives are regulated under the authority of existing law by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (U.S. Department of Justice 2012). No parallel legal authority has been granted to any government agency to regulate the use of low-voltage stimulation devices. And second, even absent the reddit forum discussed by Smith, there are plenty of people who remember elementary school science experiments and shenanigans that included inducing electric current in a paper towel tube with a magnet and licking 9-volt batteries to feel that tingle on the tongue. In short, electricity is too fascinating and accessible for curious lay persons not to tinker with. And while people have certainly been electrocuted to the point of serious injury and even death, the voltage supplied by a 9-volt battery typical of tDCS devices and the current that flows across the head or other body regions during tDCS will not cause serious electrocution injuries.