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Emerging Trends in Bioremediation of Explosive Industry Wastewater
Published in Y.V. Nancharaiah, Vayalam P. Venugopalan, Microbial Biofilms in Bioremediation and Wastewater Treatment, 2019
S. Mary Celin, Anchita Kalsi, Pallavi Bhanot, Ila Chauhan, Pritam Sangwan
By definition, explosives are solid or liquid substances, alone or mixed with one another, are in a metastablestate and are capable of undergoing a rapid chemical reaction without the participation of external reactants such as atmospheric oxygen (Meyer 1987). Nitro aromatic explosives consist of trinitrotoluene (TNT) in various degrees of purity and 2,4- and 2,6-isomers of dinitrotoluene (DNT). TNT has wide applications in shells, bombs, grenades, demolition explosives and propellant compositions. DNT is mainly used in the production of polyurethane foams and polymers in the manufacture of explosives and as a modifier of smoke less powders. Aromatic nitramines viz., Tetryl Aliphaticnitramines viz., Hexahydro 1,3,5-triniro 1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclo octane (HMX) are used extensively as a booster charge in many munition formulations, especially in artillery shells or as a component in solid fuel rocket propellants. Nitrocellulose, Nitroglycerine (NG, glycerol trinitrate), Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) are the main nitric acid esters used as detonating agents, an important component in dynamites and multibase propellants (Urbanski 1990).
The Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Some chemical compounds are self-reactive in that they contain oxidant and reductant in the same compound. Nitroglycerin, a strong explosive with the formula C3H5(ONO2)3, decomposes spontaneously to CO2, H2O, O2, and N2 with a rapid release of a very high amount of energy. Pure nitroglycerin has such a high inherent instability that only a slight blow may be sufficient to detonate it. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is also an explosive with a high degree of reactivity. However, it is inherently relatively stable in that some sort of detonating device is required to cause it to explode.
The Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
Some chemical compounds are self-reactive in that they contain oxidant and reductant in the same compound. Nitroglycerin, a strong explosive with the formula C3H5(ONO2)3, decomposes spontaneously to CO2, H2O, O2, and N2 with a rapid release of a very high amount of energy. Pure nitroglycerin has such a high inherent instability that only a slight blow may be sufficient to detonate it. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is also an explosive with a high degree of reactivity. However, it is inherently relatively stable in that some sort of detonating device is required to cause it to explode.
Supercritical water oxidation: a breakthrough approach for remediation TNT-contaminated pink water
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
TNT, also known as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, has been extensively employed as a primary explosive in diverse industries for over half a century, including mining, construction, and military applications. Its widespread usage stems from its exceptional chemical and thermal stability, as well as its high explosive power. Furthermore, its relatively low melting point contributes to cost savings in manufacturing processes, particularly casting processes (Fawcett-Hirst et al. 2021). The release of TNT into the environment has raised concerns over soil and groundwater contamination due to its toxic and carcinogenic effects. Extensive research has documented the adverse effects of TNT on microbial, plant, animal, and human health (Pervukhin and Sheven 2022). Exposure to TNT can cause liver necrosis, methemoglobinemia, anemia, even paralysis, leukopenia, and a weakened immune system (Ludwichk et al. 2015).
Integration of heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO2/UV) and activated sludge system operated in air lift reactor for the treatment of industrial effluent red water
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Ricardo Guz, Marcio Barreto-Rodrigues
For a century and a half, it is estimated that millions of tons of nitroaromatic explosives have been used around the world, causing soil and water contamination. Such pollution worsened mainly during and after the two world conflicts experienced in the last century. The 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the explosive more used in military activities.[1,2] Contamination with explosive nitroaromatic compounds can occur in storage, transport operations, military training, and destruction of unserviceable ammunition. The risk of contamination by these routes has already been pointed out during the works at the Deodoro Race Track in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, built in a former military education area.[3] Another important route of contamination occurs during its industrial manufacture, usually carried out through the sequential nitration of toluene, which occurs in three distinct stages, with the mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids in defined proportions. After the 3rd stage, TNT is obtained with impurities such as trinitrobenzoic acid, symmetrical dissolved TNT, and excess nitric and sulfuric acids, which are removed by washing processes with vaporized, thus generating an operational effluent called yellow water. The asymmetric forms of TNT, which are not removed when washing with water, are removed with sodium sulfite solution (Na2SO3), forming water-soluble sulfonates and generating the second operational effluent called red water.[4]
Development of health-based environmental screening levels for insensitive munitions constituents
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2021
Emily May Lent, Glenn Leach, Mark S. Johnson
Because traditional munitions are susceptible to inadvertent detonation due to mechanical shock, gunfire, and impact by shrapnel, the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) established standards to improve the safety of munitions, requiring the development and use of Insensitive Munitions (IM) (Duncan 2002). Insensitive munitions are designed to fulfill their performance, readiness, and operational requirements while minimizing the likelihood of inadvertent initiation and severity of subsequent collateral damage when subjected to unplanned stimuli (Baker et al. 2018). Insensitive munitions are being developed as replacements for conventional energetics such TNT (2,4,6 trinitrotoluene) and RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine). Nitrotriazolone (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one; NTO), dinitroanisole (2,4-dinitroanisole; DNAN), and nitroguanidine (1-nitroguanidine; NQ) are components of several IM formulations such as IMX-101 and IMX-104. IMX-101 is planned for use in several weapons systems.