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Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Another term associated with corrosives is concentration. Concentration, unlike strength, has to do with the amount of acid that is mixed with water. This is often expressed in terms of percentages. A 98% concentration of sulfuric acid would be 98% sulfuric acid and 2% water. A solution of 50% nitric acid would be 50% nitric acid and 50% water. In the 50% concentration, the solution would have only half of the H+ ions than the 100% concentration would have. A 50% concentration of nitric acid would be a solution diluted to 50% of the original acid.
Reagents for Water Treatment
Published in Willy J. Masschelein, Unit Processes in Drinking Water Treatment, 2020
Strong sulfuric acid (more than 80 wt% concentration) can be stored in ordinary SM steel vessels. Lead lining is convenient for all concentrations lower than 80%. Plastics (i.e., PE) are convenient for diluted solutions. When dosing concentrated sulfuric acid the inlet air must be dried (e.g., on CaCl2).
Catalysis
Published in Mihai V. Putz, New Frontiers in Nanochemistry, 2020
Adriana Urdă, Ioan-Cezar Marcu
Sulfuric acid production is one of the oldest chemical processes (first patent filed in 1831). The process consists of several steps, the catalytic one being SO2 oxidation to SO3. It first used homogeneous catalysts (nitrogen oxides, in the lead chamber process), then platinum heterogeneous catalysts. As Pt was easily poisoned, it was replaced in the 1930s by alkali-promoted vanadium oxide, a catalyst that is liquid under reaction conditions on the silica support (Dingerdissen et al., 2008, Näumann & Schulz, 2008; Prieto & Schüth, 2015). Sulfuric acid is used in all fields of chemistry, mainly the fertilizer industry, synthesis of dyes, pigment, plastics, in petroleum processing, extraction of non-ferrous metals, etc. (Näumann & Schulz, 2008).
Investigation of the effect of acid sludge neutralization treatment on producing a sustainable eco-friendly additive for bituminous composites
Published in International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2023
Alireza Aliakbari, Pouria Hajikarimi, Ali Khodaii
Weight loss and increase in the WS volume may be related to the presence of acid within the acid sludge or water added during the neutralisation process that remained in the sample. To determine the amount of water in the WS and its separation from sulfuric acid, weight loss and water percentage have been determined by implementing the distillation method test, which is often used for emulsion bitumen. According to test results, only 3.5% of the volume of the WS consists of water and the major portion of weight loss during the heating process is related to the presence of sulfuric acid. Thus, separating the sulfuric acid existing in the WS is necessary to control inflation. It is not a straightforward process to separate sulfuric acid from other components of the acid sludge. On the other hand, the evaporation of sulfuric acid releases toxic gas emissions, which is a severe problem for the environment.
Rapid prediction of pollutants behaviours under complicated gate control for the middle route of South-to-North water transfer project
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Yan Long, Yilin Yang, Youming Li, Yunxin Zhang
Sulfuric acid is a colourless oily liquid with strong corrosive and oxidizing properties. According to the emergency control system which proposed by the author [9], sulfuric acid is harm to the human body, check gate control would be recommended after the sudden pollution accident. In this emergency drilling, the dispersion coefficient is 6.35 m2/s, v is equal to 0.3 m/s. Tb is obtained by Equation (4), and its value is 37 min. According to Xu and Long [10], the Yishui River check gate and Shuangji River check gate should be totally closed within 45 min after an accident occurs. Since Tclose is greater than Tb, according to Equation (5), the SPTD is equal to SDF Plus SDM. In addition, Tb, Tclose and v are incorporated into EqEquation (5), (9) and (14) to calculate the SPTD, SPL and SPC, which are 2765, 5326 m and 325 mg/L, respectively.
Urban energy environment efficiency in China: Based on dynamic meta-frontier slack-based measures
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
Ying Li, Yung-ho Chiu, Liang Chun Lu
One of the main atmospheric pollutants, sulfur dioxide (chemical formula SO2) is the most common and the simplest sulfur oxide. It can be released naturally by volcanic activity, but is also produced as a by-product of the burning of fossil fuels contaminated with sulfur compounds. When sulfur dioxide is dissolved in water, it forms sulfite, and if sulfite is oxidized further by PM2.5, it rapidly and efficiently produces sulfuric acid (the main component of acid rain), which can have serious environmental effects. Unit: micrograms per cubic meter.