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Advances in the Photo-Oxidation of Nitro-Organic Explosives Present in the Aqueous Phase
Published in Maulin P. Shah, Removal of Refractory Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2021
Pallvi Bhanot, Anchita Kalsi, S. Mary Celin, Sandeep Kumar Sahai, Rajesh Kumar Tanwar
Recalcitrant explosive industry effluents typically comprise very high concentrations of organic loads/compounds which is expressed as chemical oxygen demand (COD), hazardous explosive compounds [RDX, HMX, TNT (2,4,6, Trinitrotoluene), DNT (2,4, Dinitrotoluene)], colors (red water, pink water, and yellow water) based upon the type of explosive manufactured, very low pH (acidic) levels, low biodegradability, high content of acetic acid, ammonium nitrate, total suspended solids, nitric acid, and sulfates (Bhanot et al. 2020). The composition and characteristics of explosive industry effluents are shown in Table 25.1. The aquatic environment could be severely affected by even a small quantity of nitro-organic explosives. Therefore, the elimination of organic pollutants from wastewater has grown into a global ecological concern.
Explosives
Published in Michael L. Madigan, First Responders Handbook, 2017
The above compositions may describe most of the explosive material, but a practical explosive will often include small percentages of other substances. For example, dynamite is a mixture of highly sensitive nitroglycerin with sawdust, powdered silica, or most commonly, diatomaceous earth, which act as stabilizers. Plastics and polymers may be added to bind powders of explosive compounds; waxes may be incorporated to make them safer to handle; aluminum powder may be introduced to increase total energy and blast effects. Explosive compounds are also often “alloyed”: HMX or RDX powders may be mixed (typically by melt-casting) with TNT to form Octol or Cyclotol.
Chemical Rocket Propellants
Published in D.P. Mishra, Fundamentals of Rocket Propulsion, 2017
Advanced oxidizers should have high density, high enthalpy of formation, high oxygen balance, and environmental compatibility. Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is considered to be a promising oxidizer as it has higher heat of formation as compared to AP and chlorine-free combustion products. When it is mixed with energetic binders like GAP, it enhances specific impulse even at a lower solid loading of 80%. But it is not preferred as it has poor thermal stability and relatively high cost of production. Another advanced oxidizer is hexanitrohexaazaisowurzitane HNIW (CL20). It is one of the most powerful and dense single-component explosives. Although it is explosive by nature, it can be used in rocket propellant formulations in place of HMX. Hydrazinium nitroformate (HNF) is basically the salt of nitroform and hydrazine that is considered to be a promising oxidizer. This oxidizer with new energetic binders can have higher burn rates and specific impulse values as compared to conventional propellant. Many other energetic explosives with caged structure, namely, hydrazinium mono and diperchlorates, hydroxyl amine perchlorates, and difluramino compounds are being explored in order to enhance the performance of solid propellant. Interested readers can refer to advanced books on propellants and explosives [3].
Preparation and Thermal Stability of Nano-Sized HMX-Based Polymer Bonded Explosives
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
Zhimiao Zhang, Xinfu Cao, Jianbing Gao, Yong Chen, Deqi Wang, Yang Qin, Sensen Sun, Haomiao Yu, Jie Liu, Guodong Deng, Fengsheng Li
PBX (polymer-bonded explosive) is a kind of high-energy mixed explosive, which is composed of high-energy explosive (e.g., Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), et al.), adhesive, plasticizer and insensitive agent (He et al. 2021; Li et al 2019; Liu, Chen, Zhang 2020). It is widely used in conventional and sophisticated weapons such as anti-tank missiles and surface-to-air missiles (Kang, Ning, Chen 2020; Wang et al. 2021), and plays a vital role in killing and destruction (Liu et al. 2019). HMX is one of the most commonly used high-energy materials due to its excellent properties, for instance, high melting point, excellent explosion performance and chemical stability (Liu et al. 2012; Wang and Zhu 2020). Therefore, industrial micron-sized HMX (M-HMX) is nowadays widely used in HMX-based polymer bonded explosives (HMX-PBX) to improve its energy property (Liu, Chen, Zhang 2020). However, the high-temperature and high pressure molding process of HMX-PBX may lead to damage the M-HMX crystal (Drouet et al. 2020), reduce the original stability of M-HMX and thereby affect the comprehensive performances of HMX-PBX (Kaur et al. 2013).
Theoretical study of void collapse and hot spot formation mechanism for energetic material
Published in Philosophical Magazine, 2023
In this work, we simulate the void collapse of β-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (β-HMX) by molecular dynamics (MD). The HMX is a conventional high energy explosive with four solid phases [6–8]: α, β, γ and δ. The β phase is the most stable morphology at room temperature, and has the highest energy density and lowest sensitivity. The chemical formula of β-HMX [9] is CHON, the space group is , and the lattice constants are a = 6.54 Å, b = 11.05 Å, c = 7.37 Å and β = 102.8.