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Common Sense Emergency Response
Published in Robert A. Burke, Common Sense Emergency Response, 2020
Toluene is a clear colorless liquid member of the aromatic hydrocarbon family with benzene-like odor. It is an irritant and is highly flammable and is a solvent used in manufacture of P2P and methamphetamine. It is found in paint thinners.
Catalytic Applications of Zeolites in Industrial Processes
Published in Subhash Bhatia, Zeolite Catalysis: Principles and Applications, 2020
A liquid phase process is given31 in which toluene is fed to a liquid phase reactor at about 500 to 600°F and at a pressure of 650 psig. The products and unconverted reactant are separated and the toluene is recycled. The reactor temperature is raised during operation to maintain toluene conversion until 600°F is reached. The catalyst is regenerated. Typical catalyst life is 1.5 years. The toluene disproportionation reaction has been operated commercially but there appears to be no specific description of the process.
Health and Environmental Information and Models
Published in Winston Chow, Katherine K. Connor, Peter Mueller, Ronald Wyzga, Donald Porcella, Leonard Levin, Ramsay Chang, Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants, 2020
Donald B. Porcella, Ronald E. Wyzga
Toluene is a common organic emission from many different industrial sources; it is listed as one of the air toxic compounds identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in the new amendments to the Clean Air Act. The principal industrial processes in which toluene is emitted include coal combustion and manufacturing of solvents for paints, resins, and gasoline additives. As such the chemical originates from a variety of point and mobile sources, but the major sources lie in industrial regions of the world. The compound has a molecular weight of 92.13 g, H2O solubility of 7.3 μmol cm−3, molecular diameter of 9.48 × 10−10 m, and a diffusivity relative to that of H2O of 0.44. Compared to the sulfur-containing gases, toluene is less soluble (e.g., two orders of magnitude less than SO2) and has a higher molecular weight but comparable molecular size.
Experimental study on Fenton oxidation regeneration of adsorbed toluene saturated activated carbon
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Liang Ma, Zuming Wu, Mengya He, Liwang Wang, Xuejing Yang, Jinling Wang
Toluene is one of the typical pollutants in VOCs, which is characterized by high toxicity, carcinogenicity and environmental sustainability. Currently, there are adsorption method [1], condensation method [2], membrane separation method, photocatalytic oxidation method [3], combustion method [4], biological method and molecular complex technology method [5] and so forth to treat VOCs. Compared with other methods, adsorption method is endowed with many an advantage, such as handy and fast operation and treating method, high efficiency on adsorption and low cost, etc., which accounts for the fact that it is favored by people all the time [6]. In addition to the adsorption of VOC the adsorption method is also often used to remove heavy metal [7], dyes [8,9], organic matters [10] in water or gas. Currently, common adsorption materials incorporate activated carbon, zeolite molecular sieve [11], clay mineral [12,13], ion exchange resin [14] and other new materials [15]. As an adsorbent, activated carbon owns many advantages [16,17], with extremely rich pore structure, large specific surface area and large adsorption capacity. However, there exists a to-be-solved problem while using. If there is no corresponding handling after the adsorption of activated carbon, it will become wasted activated carbon, which undoubtedly will result in environmental pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to regenerate the wasted activated carbon.
An overview of selected emerging outdoor airborne pollutants and air quality issues: The need to reduce uncertainty about environmental and human impacts
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2020
This compound belongs to the aromatic family, is found in gasoline and is also used as a solvent. Toluene is toxic in both humans and animals for acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) exposures. Symptoms after inhalation include irritation of the upper respiratory tract, fatigue, dizziness, sleepiness, headaches, and nausea (ATSDR 2017). Toluene may cause neurological and brain disorders in young children. Infants of mothers exposed to toluene (by inhalation) in pregnancy had abnormally low scores on the development of speech and motor functions (Grandjean and Landrigan 2006 and references therein). Note that the EPA has concluded that there is inadequate information to assess toluene’s carcinogenic potential. Nevertheless, toluene appears on the WHO (2016a) list of future guidelines as a hazardous pollutant. Measurements made by the NAPS network show that toluene concentrations approach provincial guidelines (within one order of magnitude) in Canada in a significant percentage of the time (Galarneau et al. 2016, their Figure 7). Toluene is also an important anthropogenic precursor of ozone (second highest MIR in the Montreal region, Table 3b). The atmospheric lifetime of toluene is 2.4 days (Seinfeld and Pandis 2006). In a measurement campaign over oil sands (Alberta, Canada), toluene was found to exceed the background levels by a factor of 73 (Simpson et al. 2010). Finally, it is worth mentioning that toluene is also produced in significant quantities by jet aircraft (Masiol and Harrison 2014). Reported industrial emissions from all sources (not including the aviation sector) were 2,307 tons in 2017 (ECCC 2019).
Experimental assessment of various fuel additives on the performance and emission characteristics of the spark ignition engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
T. Srinivas Rao, Sk. Jakeer Hussain, V. Dhana Raju, Harish Venu, Lingesan Subramani
Toluene is pure aromatic hydrocarbon compound that is colourless and flammable liquid possessing characteristics aromatic odour. Toluene is used in the manufacture of chemicals, drugs, paints, etc. The use of pure toluene is only possible, if the engine is designed or modified for that purpose. However, it can be mixed with petrol in varying proportions for use in the unmodified engine design. Density of toluene is higher than that of petrol while the heating value is lower. Toluene is such an effective anti-knock fuel as its octane number is higher than that of petrol. The overall physical and chemical properties of petrol-fuel additive blends are presented in Table 2.