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Petroleum Wastewater
Published in Arun Kumar, Jay Shankar Singh, Microalgae in Waste Water Remediation, 2021
Petroleum refining usually starts with the distillation or fractionation, in which crude oil separates into different fractions or straight run cuts. The main fractions or cuts are separated which have particular boiling-point ranges and can be categorized based on the decreasing volatility into gases, light distillates, middle distillates, gas oils and residues. Two types of distillation used: fractional distillation and vacuum distillation.
Heat Transfer and Heat Exchanger Principles
Published in Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore, Introduction to Environmental Management, 2021
Mary K. Theodore, Louis Theodore
Kern [1] defines heat-transfer equipment by the function it fulfills in a process. Heat exchangers recover heat between two process streams. In effect, they transfer thermal energy in the form of heat from one fluid to another. Kern [1] provides the following definitions for the various classes of heat exchangers. Heaters are used primarily to heat process fluids, and steam is usually employed for this purpose, although in oil refineries hot recirculated oil serves the same purpose. Coolers are employed to cool process fluids, water being the main cooling medium. Condensers are coolers whose primary purpose is the removal of latent instead of sensible heat. The purpose of reboilers is to supply the heat requirements of a distillation process as latent heat. Evaporators are employed for the concentration of a solution by the evaporation of water. If any other fluid is vaporized besides water, the unit is a vaporizer [1].
Comparison of three solvents for extractive distillation of ethanol and water system
Published in Alka Mahajan, Parul Patel, Priyanka Sharma, Technologies for Sustainable Development, 2020
Tushar Perkar, Naitik Chokshi, Milind Joshipura*
Distillation is one of the prominent techniques used in various chemical industries for the separation of two or more components. Distillation column contributes to more than 50% of the plant’s energy consumption. Therefore, it is very important to appropriately design, fabricate and run the distillation column. Simple distillation column is able to separate all mixtures except azeotropic mixtures. In an azeotrope, the constitution of its liquid is the same as the vapor, and hence cannot be separated by simple distillation processes. Various methods have been devised to separate these constant boiling azeotropes, such as extractive distillation (ED), pressure- swing distillation, liquid-liquid extraction and so on. Amongst these, ED is most widely used in the industry. In ED, solvent is added to the mixture which has a higher affinity with one of the components in the azeotrope and thus facilitates the separation of the two compounds forming the azeotrope. Also, the solvent feed enters the distillation column at a stage different than that of the azeotropic feed. In ED, one of the components appears in the distillate and the other component along with the entrainer gets separated in the bottom product. The bottom product is fed into another column, known as the entrainer recovery column, where the entrainer and the component gets separated by simple distillation and thus the azeotrope is broken and the components get separated.
System identification and control of heat integrated distillation column using artificial bee colony based support vector regression
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2022
E. Abdul Jaleel, S. M. Anzar, T. Rehannara Beegum, P. A. Mohamed Shahid
A distillation column is an integral device used in a process plant to separate a mixture into its components depending on the volatility difference (Linnhoff et al. 1983). A typical distillation column consists of a feed section, reboiler, and condenser (Seader et al. 1998). The feed tray receives the fluid mixture to be processed. It partitions the column into rectification and stripping sections. The reboiler’s heat separates the fluid components in a distillation column that provides the necessary vaporization for the distillation process. The condenser cools the exit vapor from the unit. The distillate, also known as the top product, is the condensed liquid that leaves the system. The base of the distillation column contains a large volume of liquid with a higher boiling point. The bottom product is a portion of this liquid in the base. The rest of the liquid is heated in the reboiler and returned to the column. The higher boiling point component accumulates at the bottom of the distillation column, while the lower boiling point component accumulates at the top. Reboiler temperature (bottom) gradually decreases with an increase in height toward the condenser (top). The heat from the reboiler is removed by the condenser at the top of the column, resulting in a loss of thermal energy at the condenser (Cui et al. 2017; Kiss 2014).
Simulation and energy optimization of a reformate stabilizer unit in a petrochemical plant
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Ali Jalali, Mojtaba Shafiee, Davood Iranshahi, Amir H. Mohammadi
Naphtha is transformed into reformate by catalytic reforming (le Goff et al. 2017; Lok et al. 2018). This process includes rebuilding low octane hydrocarbons in naphtha to high-value gasoline components with high octane without a change in boiling point interval. Naphtha and reformate are complex mixtures that contain paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. The main aim of catalytic reforming is to increase the octane number of naphtha feed to a level that produces an appropriate reformate product as gasoline cut. The number of octane shows the resistance of gasoline in the engine’s cylinder at the time of combustion of air and gasoline mixture (Singh et al. 2017). Reformate can be stabilized by removing impurities such as hydrogen, sulfur, light gasses, and liquid gas petroleum (Ladkat and Tiwari 2017; Rastelli et al. 2017). Stabilizing the reformate in naphtha stabilizer will decrease the vapor pressure (Kianfar et al. 2015, Xin et al. 2018). Basically, a stabilizer is a distillation used for removing small amounts of light components from a product. The main goal of distillation is to separate materials with different vapor pressures at a certain temperature. Here, distillation is referred to as a physical separation of a component or several segments with different boiling points (Jiang et al. 2018; King 2013; Yang et al. 2017). Therefore, developing a suitable algorithm for process simulation is very important. Simulation is a key stage in optimization for problems of a distillation tower. Precision, speed, and convergence properties are three important factors for selection of a suitable simulation method (Hashim and Jassim 2014).
Concentrated Nonequilibrium HD for the Cross Calibration of Hydrogen Isotopologue Analytics
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2020
Sebastian Mirz, Tim Brunst, Robin Größle, Bennet Krasch
The process of distillation depends on the difference in vapor pressure of different substances at a given temperature. A single distillation step does not provide highly concentrated substances in the distillate. To achieve this, either single distillation steps are combined in a sequential distillation, or the distillation is implemented in a fractionating column. The working principle of the fractionating column of the TRENTA facility, which is optimized to separate the inactive hydrogen isotopologues H2, HD, and D2, is discussed in the following. This column is schematically shown in Fig. 2. The descriptions in this section are based on Mirz’s dissertation.13