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Fundamental Concepts of Flow
Published in Jesse Yoder, New-Technology Flowmeters, 2023
These three types of steam depend on the pressure and temperature of the steam. Saturated steam occurs at the boiling point of water (212°F or 100°C). Once the boiling point is reached and further heat is added, the water vaporizes and converts to steam. At this point, the temperature of the saturated steam is equal to the boiling point of the water that it vaporizes from. Saturated steam is invisible to the human eye; however, as it rises in the air, its temperature drops and it forms water droplets that take the form of wet steam. These are the clouds of water vapor that are commonly known as steam. Saturated steam is also called dry steam. Saturated steam is used as a heat source for reactors, heat exchangers, and other heat transfer equipment.
Morphology of Cavitation
Published in Dmitry A. Biryukov, Denis N. Gerasimov, Eugeny I. Yutin, Cavitation and Associated Phenomena, 2021
Dmitry A. Biryukov, Denis N. Gerasimov, Eugeny I. Yutin
Thus, boiling is a phase transition—the process in which liquid turns into vapor. The verb in this phrase is very important: in a successful case, i.e., when the amount of heat is sufficient, all the mass of the given substance transforms from the liquid phase into the vapor one. In an intermediate case, when we have a partial dose of the required heat at our disposal, the final result will be a mixture of liquid and vapor.
Steam and Condensate Systems
Published in Stephen A. Roosa, Steve Doty, Wayne C. Turner, Energy Management Handbook, 2020
Boiling point. The boiling point is the temperature at which water begins to boil at any given pressure. The boiling point of water at sea-level atmospheric pressure is about 212°F. At high altitudes where the atmospheric pressure is lower, the boiling point is also lower. Conversely, the boiling point of water is greater as pressure increases. In steam systems, we usually refer to the boiling point as the saturation temperature.
Mathematical analysis of temperature distribution uniformity of banana dried by vacuum radio frequency treatment
Published in Drying Technology, 2020
Yuxiang Gu, Luyao Zhen, Hao Jiang
The drying curves can be found in Figure 2. It can be observed that after 270 min drying, the moisture content of RF-vacuum dried banana slices were 0.46 g/g d.b. (top), 0.69 g/g d.b. (middle), and 0.97 g/g d.b. (bottom), less than RF drying 1.29 g/g d.b. (top), 1.02 g/g d.b. (middle), and 1.09 g/g d.b. (bottom). The boiling point of water depends on atmospheric pressure, and decreases with the decrease in atmospheric pressure. It can be found easily the boiling point of water in 0.03 MPa was around 70 °C, which can also accelerate the drying rate. It also can be observed that the top layer of samples showed the lowest moisture content, followed by middle layer and bottom layer in RF-vacuum drying, which was fitted with the data obtained from Li et al. (power density: 4.0 W/g).[15] The superficial area of top layer for diffusing of moisture evaporated from banana slices was larger than middle and bottom layer, which is prone to accelerate the drying rate and avoid the over-heating happened during RF-vacuum drying. As a contrast, the banana slices arranged on the top layer during RF drying showed the highest moisture content, which was probably caused by heat loss to ambient air from the equipment. The heating uniformity can be improved after hot air assistance but the drying rate was reduced.
Blood Flow Effects in Thermal Treatment of Three-Dimensional Non-Fourier Multilayered Skin Structure
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2021
Mohammad Jamshidi, Jafar Ghazanfarian
On the other hand, the blood flow effects have a key role in obtaining accurate temperature distributions during clinical hyperthermia. Skin damage resulting from burns due to the unprotected contact of the human’s skin with the hot heat sources, such as boiling liquids, direct contact to the harsh fire or even hot metals in working spaces, are some of the most frequent examples of the skin burn injuries reported everyday [3, 4]. On the other hand, the power of lagging models in accurately predicting the thermal behavior of various diverse cases such as biological tissues [2, 5], nanoscale geometries [6, 7], laser surface treatment [8] has made it a prominent candidate for non-Fourier investigations.
A Multiscale Approach Simulating Boiling in a Heated Pipe Including Flow Pattern Transition
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2019
T. Höhne, E. Krepper, D. Lucas, G. Montoya
Boiling is a process in which heat transfer causes liquid evaporation. Flow boiling refers to a boiling process when the fluid is imposed by a forced flow. It can be classified as saturated boiling and subcooled boiling. In saturated boiling, the bulk temperature of the fluid is equal to its saturation temperature; in the subcooled boiling regime, the bulk temperature of the fluid is less than its saturation temperature. Because of latent heat transport, boiling heat transfer plays a very important role in a wide number of applications in many technological and industrial areas including nuclear reactor cooling systems, car cooling, and refrigeration systems.