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Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Because of their impact on material use and environmental effects, solvents are given a high priority in the practice of green chemistry.3 A number of operations are used in solvent recovery and purification. Entrained solids are removed by settling, filtration, or centrifugation. Drying agents may be used to remove water from solvents, and various adsorption techniques and chemical treatment may be required to free the solvent from specific impurities. Fractional distillation, often requiring several distillation steps, is the most important operation in solvent purification and recycling. It is used to separate solvents from impurities, water, and other solvents.
Thermodynamic Aspects of Phase Stability
Published in Mary Anne White, Physical Properties of Materials, 2018
Some mixtures of high boiling materials cannot easily be separated by fractional distillation. Can supercritical fluids be used for a suitable extraction procedure? Consider that supercritical fluids can be used as the carrier in chromatographic separations.
Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
Because of their impact on material use and environmental effects, solvents are given a high priority in the practice of green chemistry.3 A number of operations are used in solvent recovery and purification. Entrained solids are removed by settling, filtration, or centrifugation. Drying agents may be used to remove water from solvents, and various adsorption techniques and chemical treatment may be required to free the solvent from specific impurities. Fractional distillation, often requiring several distillation steps, is the most important operation in solvent purification and recycling. It is used to separate solvents from impurities, water, and other solvents.
Comprehensive review on effects of exhaust gas recirculation on nitrogen oxide emission in various biodiesel and nano additives blends fuelled compression ignition engine
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
S. Charan Kumar, Amit Kumar Thakur, J. Ronald Aseer, Gaurav Dwivedi
The word energy is derived from the Greek word ‘Energeia’. ‘Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is transformed from one form to another.’ The various sources of energy are classified into renewable sources and nonrenewable sources. The resources which are naturally available and inexhaustible are known as renewable sources such as wind, solar, tidal, hydro, biomass, and geothermal energy, etc. They have less impact on global warming, climate change and are eco-friendly (Sari and Akkaya 2016; Gross, Leach, and Bauen 2003; Owusu and Asumadu-Sarkodie 2016; Panwar, Kaushik, and Kothari 2011; ‘As of November 18, 2020, https://www.gosunpro.com/news/renewable-vs-non-renewable-energy-sources/’). The sources which cannot be regenerated and exhaustible are known as nonrenewable sources such as fossil fuels. Nonrenewable sources have a serious impact on the environment such as air and water pollution, acid rain and greenhouse gases, etc. Among the fossil fuels, crude oil is one of the primary sources for the production of automotive fuels. Crude oil is a dark viscous liquid that is a mixture of many hydrocarbons (a combination of hydrogen and carbon). Hydrocarbons are classified into four types such as paraffin, olefins, naphthenes, and aromatics. Gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, etc. are the byproducts of crude oil. Diesel is obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation.
Efficiency evaluation of thermal, ultrasound and solvent techniques in activated carbon regeneration
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Keila Guerra Pacheco Nunes, Letícia Weidlich Sfreddo, Morgana Rosset, Liliana Amaral Féris
The same result was observed for the tests using different solvent proportions. Considering a possible purification of solvents at the end of the process, it is known that fractional distillation would easily separate the water–ethanol mixture. The recovery of ethyl acetate and ethanol is not so simple, as it forms an azeotrope that is difficult to separate by this method, generating a higher cost to the process [43]. An alternative method would be pervaporation using the PDMS membrane (polyamidosulfone) as suggested by Hasanoglu et al. [44]. Therefore, for the regeneration cycle tests, the water–ethanol SV3 (SV) mixture was chosen. Guo et al. [25] obtained more than 98% of the regeneration capacity recovered for activated carbon using n-pentane as a solvent for extraction. Other solvent used, by the authors, to recover exhausted activated carbon were methylene dichloride, ethyl ether and dodecylbenzenesulphonic acid sodium.
An overview of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of starchy and lignocellulosic biomass for bio-ethanol production
Published in Biofuels, 2019
Distillation: To separate the ethanol from the fermentation broth (water and cell mass), distillation technique is often required after fermentation. The fermentation broth is heated at particular temperature and the ethanol vapor rises first in the distillation column due to its comparative low boiling point. Ethanol condenses and flows back down the column, resulting in a separate ethanol rich portion. Ethanol product is stored in a tank before sent by pipe to boilers for energy recovery. The final product contains about 90% ethanol. Different forms of distillation like extractive distillation commonly known as partial vaporization process, azeotropic distillation, fractional distillation, multi-column distillation, extractive distillation are generally used for ethanol separation [74,75].