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Utility and Process System Optimization
Published in Albert Thumann, Scott Dunning, Plant Engineers and Managers Guide to Energy Conservation, 2020
Heat exchangers are characterized as single or multipass (gas to gas, liquid to gas, liquid to liquid), evaporator, condenser, parallel flow, counter flow, or cross flow). The terms single or multipass refer to the heating or cooling media passing over the heat transfer surface once or a number of times. Multipass flow involves the use of internal baffles. The next three terms (“gas to gas,” “liquid to gas,” “liquid to liquid”) refer to the two fluids between which heat is transferred in the heat exchanger, and they imply that no phase changes occur in those fluids. (Here the term fluid is used in the most general sense.) Thus, we can say that these terms apply to nonevaporator and noncondensing heat exchangers. The term evaporator applies to a heat exchanger in which heat is transferred to an evaporating (boiling) liquid, while a condenser is a heat exchanger in which heat is removed from a condensing vapor. A parallel flow heat exchanger is one in which both fluids flow in approximately the same direction, whereas in counterflow the two fluids move in opposite directions. When the two fluids move at right angles to each other, the heat exchanger is considered to be of the crossflow type.
Waste Heat Recovery
Published in Albert Thumann, D. Paul Mehta, Handbook of Energy Engineering, 2020
Heat exchangers are characterized as single or multipass gas to gas, liquid to gas, liquid to liquid, evaporator, condenser, parallel flow, counterflow, or crossflow. The terms single or multipass refer to the heating or cooling media passing over the heat transfer surface once or a number of times. Multipass flow involves the use of internal baffles. The next three terms refer to the two fluids between which heat is transferred in the heat exchanger and imply that no phase changes occur in those fluids. Here the term “fluid” is used in the most general sense. Thus, we can say that these terms apply to non-evaporator and noncondensing heat exchangers. The term evaporator applies to a heat exchanger in which heat is transferred to an evaporating (boiling) liquid, while a condenser is a heat exchanger in which heat is removed from a condensing vapor. A parallel flow heat exchanger is one in which both fluids flow in approximately the same direction, whereas in counterflow the two fluids move in opposite directions. When the two fluids move at right angles to each other, the heat exchanger is considered to be of the crossflow type.
Evaporation
Published in C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Padma Ishwarya, Essentials and Applications of Food Engineering, 2019
C. Anandharamakrishnan, S. Padma Ishwarya
Condenser: A condenser functions to remove the bulk of the volume of vapors separated from the liquid food product. Within a condenser, the vapors are condensed to liquid by removing their latent heat of condensation. Vapor condensers may be of the surface type or barometric type. Surface condensers provide sufficient heat transfer surface, through which the condensing vapors transfer their latent heat to the cooling water circulating in pipes. A barometric condenser is a direct contact condenser in which the vapors and the cooling water are in contact with each other. Condenser duty (qc) is the amount of heat that should be removed from the vapors to condense them. qc is determined using the following expression: qc=V(hg−hc)
Review on performance analysis in diffusion absorption refrigeration system (DARS) using different working fluids
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2023
Sreenesh Valiyandi, Gireeshkumaran Thampi
The ammonia-water mixture from the absorber enters the generator, and ammonia gas bubbles are formed due to the heat-supplying action of the generator. Through the bubble pump, such generated bubbles are lifted with water and passed as a weak solution to the absorber. The formed ammonia vapour from the bubble pump gets condensed in the condenser and enters the evaporator. In the evaporator, hydrogen gas gets supplied; thus, the partial pressure of the liquid ammonia tends to be reduced. Then the ammonia is evaporated, and ammonia-hydrogen vapour passes into the absorber. The weak solution in the absorber absorbs the vapour ammonia, then the strong solution returns to the generator, and the cycle continues. Shelton, Stewart, and Erickson (2002) addressed that the air-lift pump or bubble pump is a device that increases water using steam bubbles or compressed air or increases a liquid by introducing bubbles into the outlet pipe. This has the effect of reducing the hydrostatic pressure in the outlet pipe. On the opposite side of the condenser (also known as the evaporator), the refrigerant is turned into a gas by absorbing heat from the hot air inside the box. It allows the refrigerator to absorb the heat from hot air and quickly reach its lowest boiling point. The refrigerator evaporates and absorbs maximum heat. A condenser is a part of the refrigeration system, a heat exchanger that changes vapour or gas into a liquid.
Numerical and experimental investigation of a novel liquid upper-feeding micro-channel flat loop thermosyphon cooling and heat recovery system
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2023
Xianling Wang, Jingxuan Yang, Qiaowei Wen, Jinwei Xiang, Samson Shittu, Xudong Zhao, Zhangyuan Wang
To reveal whether there is the coupling effect of heat load and water flow rate on the heat recovery efficiency, the heat recovery efficiency with various cooling water flow rates (200 L/h–600 L/h) and heat loads (500–1000 W) tested when the filling rate of the system is 30% and the cooling water temperature is 15°C, and the results is shown in Figure 8. The optimal cooling water flow rate and heat load were 600 L/h and 500 W, respectively. The average efficiency decreased as the heat load increased, and the average efficiency increased as the water flow rate increased. The heat from the condenser can be quickly taken away with the cooling water flow rate increasing, reducing the losses caused by heat accumulation and leading to the increase in the average efficiency. In addition, to maintain good heat recovery efficiency, higher heat loads required higher cooling water flow rates. Therefore, there is no coupling effect of water flow rate and heat load on the heat recovery efficiency.
Techno-economic analysis of the integration of flue gas dryer and steam-air preheater into biomass power plant
Published in Drying Technology, 2022
Condenser is a heat exchanger that has the sufficient heat transfer area so that all of the exhaust steam is condensed, resulting in saturated liquid water at the condenser outlet. If it is assumed that the pressure loss of condensed steam is negligible, h4 can be determined. After leaving condenser, the pressure of feed water is increased from p3 to p2 by the first pump. The specific work input for the first pump and the specific enthalpy of feed water at the inlet of FWH2 are expressed as where v4 is the specific volume of saturated liquid water at the condenser outlet, and ηp is the pump isentropic efficiency, which is assumed to be 70%.